Antibody data
- Antibody Data
- Antigen structure
- References [62]
- Comments [0]
- Validations
- Flow cytometry [2]
- Other assay [29]
Submit
Validation data
Reference
Comment
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- Product number
- 11-0048-41 - Provider product page
- Provider
- Invitrogen Antibodies
- Product name
- CD4 Monoclonal Antibody (OKT4 (OKT-4)), FITC, eBioscience™
- Antibody type
- Monoclonal
- Antigen
- Other
- Description
- Description: The OKT4 monoclonal antibody reacts with human CD4, a 59 kDa cell surface glycoprotein expressed by the majority of thymocytes, a subpopulation of mature T cells (T-helper cells) and in low levels on monocytes. CD4 is a receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The OKT4 antibody recognizes a different epitope than the RPA-T4 monoclonal antibody, and these antibodies do not cross-block binding to each other's respective epitopes. Applications Reported:This OKT4 (OKT-4) antibody has been reported for use in flow cytometric analysis. Applications Tested: Has been pre-titrated and tested by flow cytometric analysis of normal human peripheral blood cells. This can be used at 5 µL (0.25 µg) per test. A test is defined as the amount (µg) of antibody that will stain a cell sample in a final volume of 100 µL. Cell number should be determined empirically but can range from 10^5 to 10^8 cells/test. Excitation: 488 nm; Emission: 520 nm; Laser: Blue Laser. Filtration: 0.2 µm post-manufacturing filtered.
- Reactivity
- Human
- Host
- Mouse
- Conjugate
- Green dye
- Isotype
- IgG
- Antibody clone number
- OKT4 (OKT-4)
- Vial size
- 25 Tests
- Concentration
- 5 µL/Test
- Storage
- 4° C, store in dark, DO NOT FREEZE!
Submitted references Estrogen Protects against Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Th17/Treg Cell Immune Balance.
Dysregulated Peripheral Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Plaque Psoriasis Patients.
Plasma Extracellular Vesicle Subtypes May be Useful as Potential Biomarkers of Immune Activation in People With HIV.
Metabolic Disturbance and Th17/Treg Imbalance Are Associated With Progression of Gingivitis.
Targeting Phosphatidylserine Enhances the Anti-tumor Response to Tumor-Directed Radiation Therapy in a Preclinical Model of Melanoma.
Small-molecule antagonist of VLA-4 (GW559090) attenuated neuro-inflammation by targeting Th17 cell trafficking across the blood-retinal barrier in experimental autoimmune uveitis.
Recombinant human IL-37 inhibited endometriosis development in a mouse model through increasing Th1/Th2 ratio by inducing the maturation of dendritic cells.
The anti-CXCL4 antibody depletes CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells in CD4+ T cells from chronic osteomyelitis patients by the STAT5 pathway.
FOXO1 promotes HIV latency by suppressing ER stress in T cells.
Potential of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in predicting sustained remission in rheumatoid arthritis compared to other immune activation markers.
CCL26 regulates the proportion of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) Tregs and the production of inflammatory factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells following acute ischemic stroke via the STAT5 pathway.
A Cross-Reactive Small Protein Binding Domain Provides a Model to Study Off-Tumor CAR-T Cell Toxicity.
The Potential of Nanobody-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy to Trigger Immune Responses.
Increased expression of hub gene CXCL10 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Umbilical cord blood‑derived Helios‑positive regulatory T cells promote angiogenesis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in mice via CCL22 and the VEGFA‑VEGFR2 pathway.
T-Lymphocyte Subset Distribution and Activity in Patients With Glaucoma.
TRIM28 promotes HIV-1 latency by SUMOylating CDK9 and inhibiting P-TEFb.
Expression of CD20 after viral reactivation renders HIV-reservoir cells susceptible to Rituximab.
Dysregulated ICOS(+) proinflammatory and suppressive regulatory T cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
High purity high yield tandem B and T helper cell isolation for qRT-PCR analysis suitable for basically equipped laboratories.
MicroRNA-31 Targets Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Mucosal Infiltrated CD4+ T Cells: A Role in Achieving Mucosal Healing in Ulcerative Colitis?
Complement receptor CD46 co-stimulates optimal human CD8(+) T cell effector function via fatty acid metabolism.
Clinically compliant spatial and temporal imaging of chimeric antigen receptor T-cells.
Accumulation of T-helper 22 cells, interleukin-22 and myeloid-derived suppressor cells promotes gastric cancer progression in elderly patients.
IL-6 receptor blockade corrects defects of XIAP-deficient regulatory T cells.
Targeted Disruption of TCF12 Reveals HEB as Essential in Human Mesodermal Specification and Hematopoiesis.
The β20-β21 of gp120 is a regulatory switch for HIV-1 Env conformational transitions.
SMYD2-Mediated Histone Methylation Contributes to HIV-1 Latency.
Systemic Human ILC Precursors Provide a Substrate for Tissue ILC Differentiation.
Landscape of Infiltrating T Cells in Liver Cancer Revealed by Single-Cell Sequencing.
Oroxylin A inhibits the generation of Tregs in non-small cell lung cancer.
Ex vivo culture of human atherosclerotic plaques: A model to study immune cells in atherogenesis.
Hormonal vitamin D up-regulates tissue-specific PD-L1 and PD-L2 surface glycoprotein expression in humans but not mice.
Single-cell profiling reveals GPCR heterogeneity and functional patterning during neuroinflammation.
CD3xPDL1 bi-specific T cell engager (BiTE) simultaneously activates T cells and NKT cells, kills PDL1(+) tumor cells, and extends the survival of tumor-bearing humanized mice.
The Expression of Programmed Death-1 on CD4+ and CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Severe Sepsis.
PSG9 Stimulates Increase in FoxP3+ Regulatory T-Cells through the TGF-β1 Pathway.
A Systematic Study of the Effect of Different Molecular Weights of Hyaluronic Acid on Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Mediated Immunomodulation.
Altered expression of miR-92a correlates with Th17 cell frequency in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.
Tax and Semaphorin 4D Released from Lymphocytes Infected with Human Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and Their Effect on Neurite Growth.
PD-L1 expression and prognostic impact in glioblastoma.
Tumor-derived exosomes regulate expression of immune function-related genes in human T cell subsets.
Homeostatic regulation of T cell trafficking by a B cell-derived peptide is impaired in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disease.
The HIV-1 gp120 CD4-bound conformation is preferentially targeted by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating antibodies in sera from HIV-1-infected individuals.
Skewed T-helper (Th)1/2- and Th17/T regulatory‑cell balances in patients with renal cell carcinoma.
Low B and T lymphocyte attenuator expression on CD4+ T cells in the early stage of sepsis is associated with the severity and mortality of septic patients: a prospective cohort study.
An increased abundance of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells is correlated with the progression and prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Aging and cytomegalovirus infection differentially and jointly affect distinct circulating T cell subsets in humans.
Calcium signaling via Orai1 is essential for induction of the nuclear orphan receptor pathway to drive Th17 differentiation.
Azithromycin suppresses CD4(+) T-cell activation by direct modulation of mTOR activity.
Memory T cells in latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are directed against three antigenic islands and largely contained in a CXCR3+CCR6+ Th1 subset.
Association of a NOD2 gene polymorphism and T-helper 17 cells with presumed ocular toxoplasmosis.
Th17/Treg imbalance in patients with liver cystic echinococcosis.
Common gamma chain cytokines promote rapid in vitro expansion of allo-specific human CD8+ suppressor T cells.
Role of gastric epithelial cell-derived transforming growth factor beta in reduced CD4+ T cell proliferation and development of regulatory T cells during Helicobacter pylori infection.
Assessment of seasonal influenza A virus-specific CD4 T-cell responses to 2009 pandemic H1N1 swine-origin influenza A virus.
Naive CD4 t cell proliferation is controlled by mammalian target of rapamycin regulation of GRAIL expression.
CD4-CCR5 interaction in intracellular compartments contributes to receptor expression at the cell surface.
TCR-induced downregulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase PEST augments secondary T cell responses.
T-cell responses to survivin in cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy.
T regulatory cell levels decrease in people infected with Schistosoma mansoni on effective treatment.
Inhibition of gp160 and CD4 maturation in U937 cells after both defective and productive infections by human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
Zhang Y, Chang Y, Han Z, Ma K, Zeng X, Li L
Disease markers 2022;2022:7812099
Disease markers 2022;2022:7812099
Dysregulated Peripheral Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Plaque Psoriasis Patients.
Hu Y, Chen Y, Chen Z, Zhang X, Guo C, Yu Z, Xu P, Sun L, Zhou X, Gong Y, Yu Q, Shi Y
Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 2021;9:799560
Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 2021;9:799560
Plasma Extracellular Vesicle Subtypes May be Useful as Potential Biomarkers of Immune Activation in People With HIV.
Bazié WW, Boucher J, Vitry J, Goyer B, Routy JP, Tremblay C, Trottier S, Jenabian MA, Provost P, Alary M, Gilbert C
Pathogens & immunity 2021;6(1):1-28
Pathogens & immunity 2021;6(1):1-28
Metabolic Disturbance and Th17/Treg Imbalance Are Associated With Progression of Gingivitis.
Wang W, Wang X, Lu S, Lv H, Zhao T, Xie G, Du Y, Fan Y, Xu L
Frontiers in immunology 2021;12:670178
Frontiers in immunology 2021;12:670178
Targeting Phosphatidylserine Enhances the Anti-tumor Response to Tumor-Directed Radiation Therapy in a Preclinical Model of Melanoma.
Budhu S, Giese R, Gupta A, Fitzgerald K, Zappasodi R, Schad S, Hirschhorn D, Campesato LF, De Henau O, Gigoux M, Liu C, Mazo G, Deng L, Barker CA, Wolchok JD, Merghoub T
Cell reports 2021 Jan 12;34(2):108620
Cell reports 2021 Jan 12;34(2):108620
Small-molecule antagonist of VLA-4 (GW559090) attenuated neuro-inflammation by targeting Th17 cell trafficking across the blood-retinal barrier in experimental autoimmune uveitis.
Chen YH, Eskandarpour M, Zhang X, Galatowicz G, Greenwood J, Lightman S, Calder V
Journal of neuroinflammation 2021 Feb 18;18(1):49
Journal of neuroinflammation 2021 Feb 18;18(1):49
Recombinant human IL-37 inhibited endometriosis development in a mouse model through increasing Th1/Th2 ratio by inducing the maturation of dendritic cells.
Li L, Liao Z, Ye M, Jiang J
Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E 2021 Aug 24;19(1):128
Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E 2021 Aug 24;19(1):128
The anti-CXCL4 antibody depletes CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells in CD4+ T cells from chronic osteomyelitis patients by the STAT5 pathway.
Huang K, Ge S
Annals of palliative medicine 2020 Sep;9(5):2723-2730
Annals of palliative medicine 2020 Sep;9(5):2723-2730
FOXO1 promotes HIV latency by suppressing ER stress in T cells.
Vallejo-Gracia A, Chen IP, Perrone R, Besnard E, Boehm D, Battivelli E, Tezil T, Krey K, Raymond KA, Hull PA, Walter M, Habrylo I, Cruz A, Deeks S, Pillai S, Verdin E, Ott M
Nature microbiology 2020 Sep;5(9):1144-1157
Nature microbiology 2020 Sep;5(9):1144-1157
Potential of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in predicting sustained remission in rheumatoid arthritis compared to other immune activation markers.
Chandrashekara S, Lingaraju DC, Renuka P, Anupama KR
The Indian journal of medical research 2020 Sep;152(3):234-243
The Indian journal of medical research 2020 Sep;152(3):234-243
CCL26 regulates the proportion of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) Tregs and the production of inflammatory factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells following acute ischemic stroke via the STAT5 pathway.
Dong Z, Cao L, Guo L, Hong Y, Cao J, Chen X
Experimental and therapeutic medicine 2020 Oct;20(4):3343-3351
Experimental and therapeutic medicine 2020 Oct;20(4):3343-3351
A Cross-Reactive Small Protein Binding Domain Provides a Model to Study Off-Tumor CAR-T Cell Toxicity.
Hammill JA, Kwiecien JM, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Lau VWC, Baker C, Wu Y, Bezverbnaya K, Aarts C, Heslen CW, Denisova GF, Derocher H, Milne K, Nelson BH, Bramson JL
Molecular therapy oncolytics 2020 Jun 26;17:278-292
Molecular therapy oncolytics 2020 Jun 26;17:278-292
The Potential of Nanobody-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy to Trigger Immune Responses.
Beltrán Hernández I, Angelier ML, Del Buono D'Ondes T, Di Maggio A, Yu Y, Oliveira S
Cancers 2020 Apr 15;12(4)
Cancers 2020 Apr 15;12(4)
Increased expression of hub gene CXCL10 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Zhang R, Li Y, Pan B, Li Y, Liu A, Li X
Experimental and therapeutic medicine 2019 Nov;18(5):4067-4075
Experimental and therapeutic medicine 2019 Nov;18(5):4067-4075
Umbilical cord blood‑derived Helios‑positive regulatory T cells promote angiogenesis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in mice via CCL22 and the VEGFA‑VEGFR2 pathway.
Li X, Li D, Shi Q, Huang X, Ju X
Molecular medicine reports 2019 May;19(5):4195-4204
Molecular medicine reports 2019 May;19(5):4195-4204
T-Lymphocyte Subset Distribution and Activity in Patients With Glaucoma.
Yang X, Zeng Q, Göktas E, Gopal K, Al-Aswad L, Blumberg DM, Cioffi GA, Liebmann JM, Tezel G
Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 2019 Mar 1;60(4):877-888
Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 2019 Mar 1;60(4):877-888
TRIM28 promotes HIV-1 latency by SUMOylating CDK9 and inhibiting P-TEFb.
Ma X, Yang T, Luo Y, Wu L, Jiang Y, Song Z, Pan T, Liu B, Liu G, Liu J, Yu F, He Z, Zhang W, Yang J, Liang L, Guan Y, Zhang X, Li L, Cai W, Tang X, Gao S, Deng K, Zhang H
eLife 2019 Jan 17;8
eLife 2019 Jan 17;8
Expression of CD20 after viral reactivation renders HIV-reservoir cells susceptible to Rituximab.
Serra-Peinado C, Grau-Expósito J, Luque-Ballesteros L, Astorga-Gamaza A, Navarro J, Gallego-Rodriguez J, Martin M, Curran A, Burgos J, Ribera E, Raventós B, Willekens R, Torrella A, Planas B, Badía R, Garcia F, Castellví J, Genescà M, Falcó V, Buzon MJ
Nature communications 2019 Aug 16;10(1):3705
Nature communications 2019 Aug 16;10(1):3705
Dysregulated ICOS(+) proinflammatory and suppressive regulatory T cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Wang HX, Kang X, Chu S, Li H, Li X, Yin X, Qiu YR, Lai W
Experimental and therapeutic medicine 2018 Oct;16(4):3728-3734
Experimental and therapeutic medicine 2018 Oct;16(4):3728-3734
High purity high yield tandem B and T helper cell isolation for qRT-PCR analysis suitable for basically equipped laboratories.
Summerauer AM, Colombo L, Ogwang R, Berger C, Fehr J, Bürgler S
Malaria journal 2018 Oct 29;17(1):395
Malaria journal 2018 Oct 29;17(1):395
MicroRNA-31 Targets Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Mucosal Infiltrated CD4+ T Cells: A Role in Achieving Mucosal Healing in Ulcerative Colitis?
Whiteoak SR, Claridge A, Balendran CA, Harris RJ, Gwiggner M, Bondanese VP, Erlandsson F, Hansen MB, Cummings JRF, Sanchez-Elsner T
Inflammatory bowel diseases 2018 Oct 12;24(11):2377-2385
Inflammatory bowel diseases 2018 Oct 12;24(11):2377-2385
Complement receptor CD46 co-stimulates optimal human CD8(+) T cell effector function via fatty acid metabolism.
Arbore G, West EE, Rahman J, Le Friec G, Niyonzima N, Pirooznia M, Tunc I, Pavlidis P, Powell N, Li Y, Liu P, Servais A, Couzi L, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Placais L, Ferraro A, Walsh PR, Kavanagh D, Afzali B, Lavender P, Lachmann HJ, Kemper C
Nature communications 2018 Oct 10;9(1):4186
Nature communications 2018 Oct 10;9(1):4186
Clinically compliant spatial and temporal imaging of chimeric antigen receptor T-cells.
Emami-Shahri N, Foster J, Kashani R, Gazinska P, Cook C, Sosabowski J, Maher J, Papa S
Nature communications 2018 Mar 14;9(1):1081
Nature communications 2018 Mar 14;9(1):1081
Accumulation of T-helper 22 cells, interleukin-22 and myeloid-derived suppressor cells promotes gastric cancer progression in elderly patients.
Chen X, Wang Y, Wang J, Wen J, Jia X, Wang X, Zhang H
Oncology letters 2018 Jul;16(1):253-261
Oncology letters 2018 Jul;16(1):253-261
IL-6 receptor blockade corrects defects of XIAP-deficient regulatory T cells.
Hsieh WC, Hsu TS, Chang YJ, Lai MZ
Nature communications 2018 Jan 31;9(1):463
Nature communications 2018 Jan 31;9(1):463
Targeted Disruption of TCF12 Reveals HEB as Essential in Human Mesodermal Specification and Hematopoiesis.
Li Y, Brauer PM, Singh J, Xhiku S, Yoganathan K, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Anderson MK
Stem cell reports 2017 Sep 12;9(3):779-795
Stem cell reports 2017 Sep 12;9(3):779-795
The β20-β21 of gp120 is a regulatory switch for HIV-1 Env conformational transitions.
Herschhorn A, Gu C, Moraca F, Ma X, Farrell M, Smith AB 3rd, Pancera M, Kwong PD, Schön A, Freire E, Abrams C, Blanchard SC, Mothes W, Sodroski JG
Nature communications 2017 Oct 19;8(1):1049
Nature communications 2017 Oct 19;8(1):1049
SMYD2-Mediated Histone Methylation Contributes to HIV-1 Latency.
Boehm D, Jeng M, Camus G, Gramatica A, Schwarzer R, Johnson JR, Hull PA, Montano M, Sakane N, Pagans S, Godin R, Deeks SG, Krogan NJ, Greene WC, Ott M
Cell host & microbe 2017 May 10;21(5):569-579.e6
Cell host & microbe 2017 May 10;21(5):569-579.e6
Systemic Human ILC Precursors Provide a Substrate for Tissue ILC Differentiation.
Lim AI, Li Y, Lopez-Lastra S, Stadhouders R, Paul F, Casrouge A, Serafini N, Puel A, Bustamante J, Surace L, Masse-Ranson G, David E, Strick-Marchand H, Le Bourhis L, Cocchi R, Topazio D, Graziano P, Muscarella LA, Rogge L, Norel X, Sallenave JM, Allez M, Graf T, Hendriks RW, Casanova JL, Amit I, Yssel H, Di Santo JP
Cell 2017 Mar 9;168(6):1086-1100.e10
Cell 2017 Mar 9;168(6):1086-1100.e10
Landscape of Infiltrating T Cells in Liver Cancer Revealed by Single-Cell Sequencing.
Zheng C, Zheng L, Yoo JK, Guo H, Zhang Y, Guo X, Kang B, Hu R, Huang JY, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Dong M, Hu X, Ouyang W, Peng J, Zhang Z
Cell 2017 Jun 15;169(7):1342-1356.e16
Cell 2017 Jun 15;169(7):1342-1356.e16
Oroxylin A inhibits the generation of Tregs in non-small cell lung cancer.
Shen L, Zhang LL, Li H, Liu X, Yu XX, Hu P, Hui H, Guo QL, Zhang S
Oncotarget 2017 Jul 25;8(30):49395-49408
Oncotarget 2017 Jul 25;8(30):49395-49408
Ex vivo culture of human atherosclerotic plaques: A model to study immune cells in atherogenesis.
Lebedeva A, Vorobyeva D, Vagida M, Ivanova O, Felker E, Fitzgerald W, Danilova N, Gontarenko V, Shpektor A, Vasilieva E, Margolis L
Atherosclerosis 2017 Dec;267:90-98
Atherosclerosis 2017 Dec;267:90-98
Hormonal vitamin D up-regulates tissue-specific PD-L1 and PD-L2 surface glycoprotein expression in humans but not mice.
Dimitrov V, Bouttier M, Boukhaled G, Salehi-Tabar R, Avramescu RG, Memari B, Hasaj B, Lukacs GL, Krawczyk CM, White JH
The Journal of biological chemistry 2017 Dec 15;292(50):20657-20668
The Journal of biological chemistry 2017 Dec 15;292(50):20657-20668
Single-cell profiling reveals GPCR heterogeneity and functional patterning during neuroinflammation.
Tischner D, Grimm M, Kaur H, Staudenraus D, Carvalho J, Looso M, Günther S, Wanke F, Moos S, Siller N, Breuer J, Schwab N, Zipp F, Waisman A, Kurschus FC, Offermanns S, Wettschureck N
JCI insight 2017 Aug 3;2(15)
JCI insight 2017 Aug 3;2(15)
CD3xPDL1 bi-specific T cell engager (BiTE) simultaneously activates T cells and NKT cells, kills PDL1(+) tumor cells, and extends the survival of tumor-bearing humanized mice.
Horn LA, Ciavattone NG, Atkinson R, Woldergerima N, Wolf J, Clements VK, Sinha P, Poudel M, Ostrand-Rosenberg S
Oncotarget 2017 Aug 29;8(35):57964-57980
Oncotarget 2017 Aug 29;8(35):57964-57980
The Expression of Programmed Death-1 on CD4+ and CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Severe Sepsis.
Jia Y, Zhao Y, Li C, Shao R
PloS one 2016;11(7):e0159383
PloS one 2016;11(7):e0159383
PSG9 Stimulates Increase in FoxP3+ Regulatory T-Cells through the TGF-β1 Pathway.
Jones K, Ballesteros A, Mentink-Kane M, Warren J, Rattila S, Malech H, Kang E, Dveksler G
PloS one 2016;11(7):e0158050
PloS one 2016;11(7):e0158050
A Systematic Study of the Effect of Different Molecular Weights of Hyaluronic Acid on Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Mediated Immunomodulation.
Gómez-Aristizábal A, Kim KP, Viswanathan S
PloS one 2016;11(1):e0147868
PloS one 2016;11(1):e0147868
Altered expression of miR-92a correlates with Th17 cell frequency in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.
Liang DY, Hou YQ, Luo LJ, Ao L
International journal of molecular medicine 2016 Jul;38(1):131-8
International journal of molecular medicine 2016 Jul;38(1):131-8
Tax and Semaphorin 4D Released from Lymphocytes Infected with Human Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and Their Effect on Neurite Growth.
Quintremil S, Alberti C, Rivera M, Medina F, Puente J, Cartier L, Ramírez E, Tanaka Y, Valenzuela MA
AIDS research and human retroviruses 2016 Jan;32(1):68-79
AIDS research and human retroviruses 2016 Jan;32(1):68-79
PD-L1 expression and prognostic impact in glioblastoma.
Nduom EK, Wei J, Yaghi NK, Huang N, Kong LY, Gabrusiewicz K, Ling X, Zhou S, Ivan C, Chen JQ, Burks JK, Fuller GN, Calin GA, Conrad CA, Creasy C, Ritthipichai K, Radvanyi L, Heimberger AB
Neuro-oncology 2016 Feb;18(2):195-205
Neuro-oncology 2016 Feb;18(2):195-205
Tumor-derived exosomes regulate expression of immune function-related genes in human T cell subsets.
Muller L, Mitsuhashi M, Simms P, Gooding WE, Whiteside TL
Scientific reports 2016 Feb 4;6:20254
Scientific reports 2016 Feb 4;6:20254
Homeostatic regulation of T cell trafficking by a B cell-derived peptide is impaired in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disease.
Chimen M, McGettrick HM, Apta B, Kuravi SJ, Yates CM, Kennedy A, Odedra A, Alassiri M, Harrison M, Martin A, Barone F, Nayar S, Hitchcock JR, Cunningham AF, Raza K, Filer A, Copland DA, Dick AD, Robinson J, Kalia N, Walker LSK, Buckley CD, Nash GB, Narendran P, Rainger GE
Nature medicine 2015 May;21(5):467-475
Nature medicine 2015 May;21(5):467-475
The HIV-1 gp120 CD4-bound conformation is preferentially targeted by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating antibodies in sera from HIV-1-infected individuals.
Veillette M, Coutu M, Richard J, Batraville LA, Dagher O, Bernard N, Tremblay C, Kaufmann DE, Roger M, Finzi A
Journal of virology 2015 Jan;89(1):545-51
Journal of virology 2015 Jan;89(1):545-51
Skewed T-helper (Th)1/2- and Th17/T regulatory‑cell balances in patients with renal cell carcinoma.
Li L, Yang C, Zhao Z, Xu B, Zheng M, Zhang C, Min Z, Guo J, Rong R
Molecular medicine reports 2015 Feb;11(2):947-53
Molecular medicine reports 2015 Feb;11(2):947-53
Low B and T lymphocyte attenuator expression on CD4+ T cells in the early stage of sepsis is associated with the severity and mortality of septic patients: a prospective cohort study.
Shao R, Li CS, Fang Y, Zhao L, Hang C
Critical care (London, England) 2015 Aug 28;19(1):308
Critical care (London, England) 2015 Aug 28;19(1):308
An increased abundance of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells is correlated with the progression and prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Tang Y, Xu X, Guo S, Zhang C, Tang Y, Tian Y, Ni B, Lu B, Wang H
PloS one 2014;9(3):e91551
PloS one 2014;9(3):e91551
Aging and cytomegalovirus infection differentially and jointly affect distinct circulating T cell subsets in humans.
Wertheimer AM, Bennett MS, Park B, Uhrlaub JL, Martinez C, Pulko V, Currier NL, Nikolich-Žugich D, Kaye J, Nikolich-Žugich J
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2014 Mar 1;192(5):2143-55
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2014 Mar 1;192(5):2143-55
Calcium signaling via Orai1 is essential for induction of the nuclear orphan receptor pathway to drive Th17 differentiation.
Kim KD, Srikanth S, Tan YV, Yee MK, Jew M, Damoiseaux R, Jung ME, Shimizu S, An DS, Ribalet B, Waschek JA, Gwack Y
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2014 Jan 1;192(1):110-22
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2014 Jan 1;192(1):110-22
Azithromycin suppresses CD4(+) T-cell activation by direct modulation of mTOR activity.
Ratzinger F, Haslacher H, Poeppl W, Hoermann G, Kovarik JJ, Jutz S, Steinberger P, Burgmann H, Pickl WF, Schmetterer KG
Scientific reports 2014 Dec 11;4:7438
Scientific reports 2014 Dec 11;4:7438
Memory T cells in latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are directed against three antigenic islands and largely contained in a CXCR3+CCR6+ Th1 subset.
Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Gerasimova A, Mele F, Henderson R, Swann J, Greenbaum JA, Kim Y, Sidney J, James EA, Taplitz R, McKinney DM, Kwok WW, Grey H, Sallusto F, Peters B, Sette A
PLoS pathogens 2013 Jan;9(1):e1003130
PLoS pathogens 2013 Jan;9(1):e1003130
Association of a NOD2 gene polymorphism and T-helper 17 cells with presumed ocular toxoplasmosis.
Dutra MS, Béla SR, Peixoto-Rangel AL, Fakiola M, Cruz AG, Gazzinelli A, Quites HF, Bahia-Oliveira LM, Peixe RG, Campos WR, Higino-Rocha AC, Miller NE, Blackwell JM, Antonelli LR, Gazzinelli RT
The Journal of infectious diseases 2013 Jan 1;207(1):152-63
The Journal of infectious diseases 2013 Jan 1;207(1):152-63
Th17/Treg imbalance in patients with liver cystic echinococcosis.
Tuxun T, Wang JH, Lin RY, Shan JY, Tai QW, Li T, Zhang JH, Zhao JM, Wen H
Parasite immunology 2012 Nov;34(11):520-7
Parasite immunology 2012 Nov;34(11):520-7
Common gamma chain cytokines promote rapid in vitro expansion of allo-specific human CD8+ suppressor T cells.
Yu Y, Zitzner JR, Houlihan J, Herrera N, Xu L, Miller J, Mathew JM, Tambur AR, Luo X
PloS one 2011;6(12):e28948
PloS one 2011;6(12):e28948
Role of gastric epithelial cell-derived transforming growth factor beta in reduced CD4+ T cell proliferation and development of regulatory T cells during Helicobacter pylori infection.
Beswick EJ, Pinchuk IV, Earley RB, Schmitt DA, Reyes VE
Infection and immunity 2011 Jul;79(7):2737-45
Infection and immunity 2011 Jul;79(7):2737-45
Assessment of seasonal influenza A virus-specific CD4 T-cell responses to 2009 pandemic H1N1 swine-origin influenza A virus.
Ge X, Tan V, Bollyky PL, Standifer NE, James EA, Kwok WW
Journal of virology 2010 Apr;84(7):3312-9
Journal of virology 2010 Apr;84(7):3312-9
Naive CD4 t cell proliferation is controlled by mammalian target of rapamycin regulation of GRAIL expression.
Lin JT, Lineberry NB, Kattah MG, Su LL, Utz PJ, Fathman CG, Wu L
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2009 May 15;182(10):5919-28
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2009 May 15;182(10):5919-28
CD4-CCR5 interaction in intracellular compartments contributes to receptor expression at the cell surface.
Achour L, Scott MG, Shirvani H, Thuret A, Bismuth G, Labbé-Jullié C, Marullo S
Blood 2009 Feb 26;113(9):1938-47
Blood 2009 Feb 26;113(9):1938-47
TCR-induced downregulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase PEST augments secondary T cell responses.
Arimura Y, Vang T, Tautz L, Williams S, Mustelin T
Molecular immunology 2008 Jun;45(11):3074-84
Molecular immunology 2008 Jun;45(11):3074-84
T-cell responses to survivin in cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy.
Schaue D, Comin-Anduix B, Ribas A, Zhang L, Goodglick L, Sayre JW, Debucquoy A, Haustermans K, McBride WH
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2008 Aug 1;14(15):4883-90
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2008 Aug 1;14(15):4883-90
T regulatory cell levels decrease in people infected with Schistosoma mansoni on effective treatment.
Watanabe K, Mwinzi PN, Black CL, Muok EM, Karanja DM, Secor WE, Colley DG
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 2007 Oct;77(4):676-82
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 2007 Oct;77(4):676-82
Inhibition of gp160 and CD4 maturation in U937 cells after both defective and productive infections by human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
Bour S, Boulerice F, Wainberg MA
Journal of virology 1991 Dec;65(12):6387-96
Journal of virology 1991 Dec;65(12):6387-96
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- Staining of normal human peripheral blood cells with Anti-Human CD4 FITC followed by intracellular staining with Anti-Human Foxp3 PE (Product # 12-4776-42) using the Foxp3 Staining Buffers (Product # 00-5523-00). Cells in the lymphocyte gate were used for analysis.
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- Staining of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with CD45 Pacific Blue, CD3 APC, CD8 PerCP and CD4 FITC. As expected based on known relative expression patterns, CD4 clone OKT4 (OKT-4) stains a subset of lymphocytes (pink) and monocytes (orange), but not granulocytes (blue).
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- Figure 7 Effects of TEX on protein expression and functions of T cells. In ( a ) down-regulation of CD69 protein expression on the surface of responder CD4 + Tconv after co-incubation with TEX. Activated CD4 + Tconv were co-incubated with TEX (10 ug protein) produced by the PCI-13 cells or with PBS for 12 h. The CD69 expression levels on CD4 + Tconv were then determined by flow cytometry (MFI) and were converted into MESF units based on calibration curves established with fluorescent calibration beads. The bar graphs show data (mean values +- SD) from 3 independent experiments performed with CD4 + Tconv obtained from different normal donors. The asterisks indicate p values at p < 0.0005. In ( b ) changes in expression levels of CD39 protein on the surface of resting CD4 + CD39 + Treg co-incubated with TEX produced by the PCI-13 cell line or DEX. The exosomes were used at the concentration of 10 ng protein/ assay. Exogenous ATP was added as described in Methods. Flow cytometry ( right ) shows up-regulation of MFI for CD39 in a representative experiment, and the bar graph summarizes results of three experiments performed with Treg obtained from different donors. In ( c ), Production levels of 5' AMP, adenosine and inosine by resting CD4 + CD39 + Treg co-incubated with TEX produced by the PCI-13 cell line. The data are from one of two experiments performed in the presence of exogenous ATP. The analyte levels were measured by mass spectrometry as described in Methods.
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- Figure 1. PS Expression on Immune Subsets in the Tumor Increases after RT C57BL/6 mice were injected with 100,000 B16F10 melanoma cells intradermally on the hindlimb. 10 days later, tumor-bearing hindlimbs received 15 Gy RT. 10 days thereafter, tumors were excised and analyzed by flow cytometry. (A) Schema and representative plots showing caspase-3/7 activity and PS expression on live (blue) versus dead (gray) tumor cells determined by a viability dye. (B) Representative gating strategy used to measure PS expression using viable CD8+ T cells from the tumor as an example. Gating was based on caspase-3/7 and annexin V fluorescence minus one (FMO). (C) Relative expression of PS on viable immune cell subsets in the tumors of mice with and without tumor-directed RT. (D) Frequencies of immune cells as a percentage of live CD45+ cells in the tumor with and without tumor-directed RT. The tables next to the figure legend lists the percentages shown in the pie charts. (E) Quantification of annexin V+ immune and tumor cells +-SEM (3-5 mice per group) from control tumors (white bars) and RT tumors (black bars). *p < 0.05.
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- Figure 2. EV quantification and cell origin in association with HIV. Purified plasma EVs fromuninfected (Control, n = 8) and HIV+ patients (n = 17) were stained with the lipophilic fluorescent tracer dye DiD to count total vesicles ( Figure 2A and B ), then labeled with antibodies directed against receptors CD45 ( Figure 2C and D ), CD4 ( Figure 2E and F ), and CD8 ( Figure 2 G and H ) to evaluate cell origin by cytofluorometry. Asterisks denote significant difference (** P
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- Figure 7 HEBCan Rescues Hematopoiesis and T Cell Development in HEB -/- hESCs in OP9-DL4 Co-cultures (A) qRT-PCR analysis for the expression of hematopoietic genes in CD34 + cells sorted from WT, KO + GFP, and KO + HEBCan day-8 (d8) EBs. mRNA levels are shown relative to GAPDH. (B and C) Percentages (B) and numbers (C) of CD45 + cells in d12 and d18 OP9-DL4 co-cultures. (D and E) Flow-cytometric analysis of T cell development from WT, KO + GFP, and KO + HEBCan d8 EB-derived CD34 + cells at d12 (D) and d18 (E) of OP9-DL4 co-culture. Cells are gated on the CD45 + DAPI - population. Error bars represent mean +- SD (n = 3 independent experiments). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.005 by Student's t test. Plots in (B), (D), and (E) are representative of three independent experiments.
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- Figure 1. Flow cytometric analysis was used to determine the distribution of Th22, Th17 and Th1 cells in EGC, HE and HY ( Fig. 1 ). Flow cytometric analysis of Th22, Th17 and Th1 cells in peripheral whole blood from EGC (n=39), HE (n=32) and HY (n=31). (A) Lymphocytes were gated in P1 using flow cytometry. CD4 + IFN-gamma - lymphocytes were gated in P2 using flow cytometry, and representative results of flow cytometric analyses for (B) Th1 (CD4 + IFN-gamma + ), (C) Th22 (CD4 + IFN-gamma - IL-17 - IL-22 + ) and Th17 (CD4 + IFN-gamma - IL-17 + IL-22 - ) cells in the three groups of subjects are presented. The number of cells stained in EGC, HE and HY in P2 were 2,654, 4,696 and 5,185, respectively. The proportion of (D) Th22, (E) Th17 and (F) Th1 cells in the three groups of subjects. The proportion of (G) Th22 and (H) Th17 cells in peripheral whole blood derived from patients with early (n=13) or advanced (n=26) gastric cancer. The association between the proportion of (I) Th22 and Th17 cells, (J) Th22 and Th1 cells, and (K) Th17 and Th1 cells, in peripheral whole blood of all subjects. *P
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- Fig. 1 CD46 co-stimulation provides superior support for CTL activity. a CD46 expression on the surface of resting human CD4 + and CD8 + T cells assessed by FACS analysis ( n = 4, gating strategy in Supplementary Fig. 7a ). b Comparison of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-10 secretion by CD3 + CD46-activated T cells. Purified CD4 + and CD8 + T cells from healthy donors were left non-activated (NA) or stimulated with immobilized antibodies to CD3, CD3 + CD28 or CD3 + CD46 and cytokines measured 60 h post activation ( n = 5). c, d Degranulation (CD107a staining, ( c )) and granzyme B expression ( d ) by CD8 + T cells upon CD46 co-stimulation. CD8 + T cells were stimulated as in ( a ) and CD107a and granzyme B expression assessed with left panels showing representative cytometry images and right panels corresponding quantifications ( n = 3, gating strategy in Supplementary Fig. 7b ). e Killing activity of CD46-activated CD8 + T cells. T cells were stimulated as depicted for 24 h and cytotoxic activity of differently activated CD8 + T cells towards DU145 target cells assessed 24 h post co-culture of T cells and DU145 cells ( n = 4, gating strategy in Supplementary Fig. 7c ). f Effect of CD46 co-stimulation on CD8 + T-cell proliferation. Purified T cells were activated as indicated for 5 days and cell proliferation measured each day ( n = 4) (black circles, non-activated cells; green, blue, and red circles, CD3, CD3 + CD28 or CD3 + CD46-activated cells, res
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- Fig. 1 CD20 dim CD4 + T cells involve memory phenotypes with more activation than CD20 - cells. PBMC from uninfected donors, ART-suppressed patients and viremic patients were stained with CD20, activation markers (HLA-DR, CD69, CD25), and T-cell differentiation markers (CCR7, CD45RO, CD27, CD95). a Gating strategy used to identify CD20 dim CD4 + T cells. Previous sequential gates are represented in Supplementary Fig. 9 . Viable CD4 + T cells (identified by CD3 and CD4 expression) were first selected for the analysis of CD20 expression, defined by its Fluorescence Minus One (FMO) control. T-cell memory subsets were selected as follows: CD4 + T NA (CCR7 + , CD45RO - , CD27 + , CD95 - ), CD4 + T SCM (CCR7 + , CD45RO - , CD27 + , CD95 + ); CD4 + T CM (CCR7 + , CD45RO + ), CD4 + T TM (CCR7 - , CD45RO + , CD27 + ); CD4 + T EM (CCR7 - , CD45RO + , CD27 - ), CD4 + T TD (CCR7 - , CD45RO - ). b , c Representative bright-field and pseudo-color fluorescence images of CD20 dim CD4 + T cells ( b ) and B cells ( c ) from two ART-suppressed patients (#9 and #22) using the Amnis imaging flow cytometer technology. Scale bar 10 um. d Percentage of CD20 dim expression within CD4 + T cells in uninfected controls and the two patient cohorts. Mann-Whitney comparison was used to compare n = 6 uninfected controls, n = 21 ART-suppressed patients, n = 20 viremic patients. e Expression of the activation markers CD25, CD69 or HLA-DR in CD20 dim and CD20 - CD4 + T cells in different cohorts of HIV + patie
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- Fig. 5 Ex vivo infection upregulates CD20 expression. Unstimulated PBMCs from three uninfected donors were infected with HIV strain NL4.3. Infection was monitored by simultaneous staining of HIV RNA using the RNA FISH-flow assay and the viral protein p24 at days 3, 4, and 5. a Gating strategy used to monitor HIV infection and expression of CD20 dim . Previous sequential gates are represented in Supplementary Fig. 9 . b Percentage of productively HIV-infected cells in CD3 + T cells (left panel) and in CD20 dim or CD20 - CD3 + T cells (right panel). c Expression of CD20 dim in infected and uninfected CD3 + T cells (left panel) and in the total CD3 + T cell population (right panel). d Correlation between the proportion of infected cells within the CD3 + T cell population and CD20 expression (left panel) and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD20 (right panel). e Percentage of HLA-DR and PD-1 in infected and uninfected cells expressing or not expressing CD20 dim . f Proportion of CD20 dim in infected cells expressing the CD4 cell receptor versus infected cells with marked downregulation of the CD4 receptor. In all panels, the mean and SEM value of three independent experiments is represented. In panel ( d ), Spearman's nonparametric correlation coefficients and associated p values are shown. Data underlying this Figure are provided as Source Data file
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- Figure 1 Flow cytometric analysis of the T cell subtype proportions. The proportions of CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells and Tregs in PBMCs and in pancreatic tissue lymphocytes or tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from healthy control and PDA patients were analyzed via FCM. (A) Lymphocyte dot plots. The gate for lymphocytes is indicated. (B) CD4 + and CD8 + T cells were defined based on CD4 + CD8 - and CD8 + CD4 - gating of CD3 + T cells. (C) Dot plots of Foxp3 + CD25 + (Treg) cells based on the gating of CD4 + T cells. (D) Statistical analyses of the CD8 + T cell, CD4+ T cell and Treg percentages in the indicated groups. C-PBMCs, control peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PDA-PBMCs, PBMCs of PDA; C-PTL, control pancreatic tissue lymphocytes; PDA-TIL, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of PDA. Comparisons between the two groups were assessed using Student's t test. NS, not significant; *** P
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- Figure 3 IHC analysis of paraffin-embedded tumor sections from patients with PDA or control pancreatic tissue. Magnification: 200x. Comparisons of FoxP3 + cell, CD8 + cell and CD4 + cell infiltrates between the juxtatumoral stroma and the panstroma. IHC analyzed the expression of Foxp3, CD4 and CD8 and statistical analysis the frequencies in juxtatumoral stroma and in panstroma. Comparisons between the two groups were assessed using Student's t test. NS, not significant; ** P
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- Figure 1 Anti-HER2 DARPin-Targeted CAR-T Cells Demonstrated Similarl Efficacy In Vitro (A) Schematics of the dual-promoter lentiviral (LV) gene cassettes used to generate anti-HER2 DARPin-targeted first- or second-generation CAR-T cells (structural details are as indicated; TM, transmembrane; IC, intracellular) or CAR-negative control NGFR-T cells. In all cases, truncated NGFR (tNGFR) is included as a transduction marker. (B) Expression of CARs on the surface of engineered (NGFR + ) T cells as determined by flow cytometry (upstream gating strategy: lymphocytes - singlets - NGFR + ). Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) for CAR expression is indicated in brackets. Representative results have been replicated in 2-4 additional independent experiments. (C and D) Production of IFN-gamma (C) and TNF-alpha (D) upon CAR-T cell stimulation with HER2 + (OVCAR-3; closed symbols) or HER2 - (LOX-IMVI; open symbols) human tumor cell lines was measured by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) and subsequent flow cytometry (upstream gating strategy: lymphocytes - singlets - CD4 + or CD8 + T cells). Percent cytokine production was normalized for transduction (transduction ranges observed: DARPin-28z, 39%-60%; DARPin-BBz, 33%-52%; DARPin-z, 25%-63%; NGFR, 63%-86%). Each point indicates data from a single independent experiment (n = 3-5 per LV construct); black lines indicate mean values. (E and F) Cytotoxicity across various effector:target (E:T) ratios with LOX-IMVI (E) or OVCAR-3 (F) tumor cell
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- Figure 3 DAPRin-28z-T Cells Activated in the Lungs and Heart, Resulting in a Systemic Cytokine Storm OVCAR-3 tumor-bearing NRG mice were treated with 6 x 10 6 effective DARPin-28z-T cells or a matched number of NGFR-T cells. (A-C) Mice were sacrificed at 1, 3, or 5 days post-ACT1 for total body perfusion, fixation, necropsy, and histological analysis. (A) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the lungs at 20x magnification (scale bars, 100 mum). V, vasculature. (B) Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for human CD3 in the lungs at 20x magnification (scale bars, 100 mum) or 60x magnification (zoom-in; scale bars, 50 mum). (C) H&E or CD3 IHC staining of the heart at 20x magnification (scale bars, 100 mum); arrow indicates aberrant region of inflammation along the right heart wall. Representative images from n = 2-3 mice are shown. Findings have been recapitulated in 1-2 additional independent experiments. (D) DARPin-28z- or NGFR-T cells were co-cultured with tumor-free NRG mouse lung homogenates ex vivo . T cell proliferation was measured by flow cytometry using CellTrace Violet (CTV) dye. Data are representative of two independent experiments. (E) Mice were bled at 1, 3, 5, or 7 days post-ACT1 for multiplex analysis of human serum cytokine content; a globally normalized heatmap of log2-transformed human cytokine fluorescence readings is shown. Each square represents data from one mouse. Colorimetric scale bar indicates minimum, average, and maximum values on map. Absolute values are d
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- Figure 4 Differential In Vivo Toxicity of DARPin-28z-T Cells Manufactured from Unique PBMC Donors Correlated with the Frequency of CD4+ T Cells in the Adoptive Transfer Product (A) OVCAR-3 tumor-bearing NRG mice were treated with 6.0 x 10 6 or 1.7-2.0 x 10 6 DARPin-28z-T cells produced from MAC026, LEUK001, or MAC014 PBMCs. Mice were monitored over time for changes in weight. Data were pooled from n = x independent experiments. For 6.0 x 10 6 cells, MAC014, 2; LEUK001, 3; and MAC026, 4. For 2.0 x 10 6 cells, MAC014, 1; LEUK001, 2; and MAC026, 1. Each line indicates data from one animal; curves end, indicating when mice succumbed to toxicity. (B) Composition of CD4 + or CD8 + cells in DARPin-28z-T cell products (days 13-14 post-activation) manufactured using starting PBMCs from donors as indicated and determined using flow cytometry (upstream gating strategy: lymphocytes - singlets - NGFR + ). Error bars represent SD. Data from n = x independent experiments; MAC014, 5 (2 unique PBMC preparations); LEUK001, 6 (1 PBMC preparation); and MAC026, 12 (5 unique PBMC preparations).
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- Figure 6 Enhanced proliferation and IFNgamma release of CD4+ T cells induced by moDCs stimulated with supernatant of NB-PDT treated tumor cells. A431 cells were treated with NB-PDT, the supernatant was collected 24 h later and incubated with immature moDCs for another 24 h. moDCs were then co- incubated with allogeneic CFSE-labeled CD4+ T cells in a 1:10 ratio. After 6 days, CD4+ T cell proliferation was measured with flow cytometry and IFNgamma release was assessed by ELISA. ( a ), Percentage of CD4+ T cells with weak CFSE signal, thus proliferating cells (n = 4). ( b ), Quantification of released IFNgamma by CD4+ T cells (n = 3). Each combination of allogeneic donors is represented by a different symbol and color. ctr, unstimulated DCs; LPS, LPS-stimulated DCs; NT, untreated tumor cells; LD50, mild cytotoxic NB-PDT; LD100, highly cytotoxic NB-PDT; Light, only light control; NB-PS, only NB-PS conjugate control. Significance is displayed as * p
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