14-9965-82

antibody from Invitrogen Antibodies

Targeting: FOXJ1 FKHL13, HFH-4, HFH4

Provider product page for 14-9965-82

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References [75]
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Product number: 14-9965-82 - Provider product page
Provider: Invitrogen Antibodies
Product name: FOXJ1 Monoclonal Antibody (2A5), eBioscience™
Antibody type: Monoclonal
Antigen: Other
Description: Description: This 2A5 monoclonal antibody reacts with Foxj1, a 50-kDa member of the Forkhead-box (FOX) family of winged-helix transcription factors. Expression of Foxj1 is high in ciliated epithelial cells and low in naive T and B cells, where cellular activation results in downregulation of the factor. Foxj1 modulates germinal center formation and Th1 activation by repressing NFkappaB through IkappaBbeta induction. As such, this transcription factor has been suggested to antagonize autoimmune reactions such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, Foxj1 has been linked to the formation of motile cilia in epithelial cells.
Antibody clone number: 2A5
Concentration: 0.5 mg/mL

FOXJ1 protein structure - 14-9965-82 shown in red.

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Experimental details: Figure 6. Effect of mutation of SMAGP on phenotype of HBE cells. (A) ALI cultures were tested for TER as described in Materials and methods (section HBE cell culture). Values are mean and SEM of triplicate wells, and data are from one of n = 3 biological replicates. (B) Whole-mount IHC of control and SMAGP mutant cultures at ALI day 21 for Smagp, Foxj1, and Muc5AC. A few small patches of Smagp + cells are present in the cultures of mutant cells. Bottom panel is quantification of the proportion of ciliated and secretory cells. Values are mean and SEM of duplicate/triplicate wells from one of three donor samples. P > 0.05. (C, top) Representative DIC microscopy images of spheres at day 21. (Bottom) The CFE of SMAGP sgRNA mutant cells is decreased compared with control. However, the diameters of control and mutant spheres are similar. *, P > 0.05. Spheres were analyzed in triplicate wells from three biological replicates. Horizontal bars represent mean. Data are reported as mean +- SEM. (D) At day 21, spheres were fixed, sectioned, and stained for SMAGP, alpha-tubulin or E-cadherin, and DAPI (blue). Insets are higher magnification of the boxed regions. Bars: (B and D) 100 um; (C) 2 mm.

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Experimental details: Figure 2--figure supplement 1. Human airways, in vitro grown HLOs, and transplanted HLOs express airway markers. ( A - B ) Adult human lung, tHLOs, and 80d HLOs express the basal cell marker P63 (green) and the ciliated cell marker FOXJ1 (white, B ). ( C ) 14 wk fetal lung upper airway and adult lung airway express P63 (green) and FOXJ1 (white) whereas little to no P63 and FOXJ1 is observed in the fetal lower airways and fetal distal bud tips. ( D ) Cells facing in toward the lumen were multiciliated and stained positive for acetylated tubulin (ACTTUB, white) . Scale bars in A - D represent 50 um. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/

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Experimental details: Figure 2. Transplanted HLO-scaffold constructs harvested at 8 weeks possessed mature airway-like structures and had an enhanced epithelial structure. ( A ) Adult human lung, tHLOs and 80d HLOs possess SOX2+ (green) epithelium marked by ECAD (white). Only adult lung airways and tHLO airway-like structures possessed a pseudostratified epithelium (ECAD, white). Scale bars represent 50 um in low mag images and 10 um in high mag. ( B ) Measurements of cell height were taken from adult human lung (n = 3), tHLO (n = 5), and HLO (n = 6) airways of cells facing toward the lumen. Averages were adult: 69.59 um +- 1.65, tHLO: 75.69 um +- 4.74, HLO = 36.39 um +- 3.39. *** represents p

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Experimental details: Figure 3 Pre-existing SOX2 + Cells Are the Major Cellular Source of KRT5 + Cells after PR8 Infection Sox2-CreER , Rosa-mTmG mice treated with tamoxifen to lineage label airway epithelial cells were infected with PR8 influenza virus and killed 14 and 21 post infection. Photomicrographs (A-D) showing representative lung tissue sections immunostained for KRT5 (red), lineage markers (green), and DAPI (blue) (A-D). Scale bars, 100 mum. Scatterplots and pie charts show the quantitation and relative contribution, respectively, of HOPX, SFTPC, SCGB1A1, KRT5, and SOX2 cell lineages toward airway (E) and alveolar (F) KRT5 + cells after PR8 infection. Individual dots represent cells per animal (E) or cells per pod (F). Data include means +- SEM. Photomicrographs (G and H) show representative lung tissue sections from uninjured animals immunostained for KRT5, SCGB1A1, and FOXJ1 (red), lineage marker (green), and DAPI (blue). Arrows identify SOX2 + Lin - cells. At least three animals were analyzed per time point. See also Figures S1-S3 and Table S1 .

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Experimental details: Figure 6 Comparison of ependymal LIN41 expression in whole mount immunostaining and primary cell culture . Immunostaining of lateral wall whole mounts from adult wild type mouse brain (left column) and primary ependymal culture derived from newborn brain tissue at DIV15 (right column). LIN41 immunostaining is in red, marker antibodies in green. S100ss is an ependymal marker (A,B) , acetylated alpha-tubulin (ac.tubulin) stains the cilia (C,D) , ss-Catenin is used to label the cell-cell contacts and gamma-tubulin the basal bodies of the cilia (E,F) . FoxJ1 is a nuclear transcription factor responsible for the multicilia differentiation program (G,H) . Scale bar 10 mum except for (B) , with dashed line 40 mum.

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Experimental details: Figure 7. Effect of mutation of ZNF750 on phenotype of HBE cells. (A) ALI cultures were tested for TER as described in Materials and methods (section HBE cell culture). Values are mean and SEM of triplicate wells, and data are from one of n = 3 donor samples. (B, top) Whole-mount IHC of control and ZNF750 mutant cultures at day 21 ALI stained for alpha-tubulin, Muc5AC, and Znf750. (Bottom) Proportion of ciliated and secretory cells in ALI culture. (Bottom right) qRT-PCR analysis of FoxJ1 and Rfx2 RNA in control and ZNF750 mutant cells cultured in ALI for 21 d. Values are mean and SEM of triplicate wells from one of three donor samples. *, P < 0.05. (C, top) Representative DIC microscopy images of spheres at day 21. (Bottom) CFE of ZNF750 sgRNA mutant cells is decreased compared with control, and the diameters of mutant spheres are smaller. *, P < 0.05. Spheres were analyzed in triplicate wells from three donor samples. Horizontal bars represent mean. Data are reported as mean +- SEM. (D) At day 21, spheres were fixed, sectioned, and stained for ZNF750 and alpha-tubulin. Note that the spheres that do not express ZNF750 do not have ciliated cells. Bars: (B and D) 100 um; (C) 2 mm.

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Experimental details: Figure 8. Localization of ZNF750 and SMAGP proteins in human airway epithelial cells. (A) IHC of section through human lung (6-mm-diameter airway) for ZNF750, Trp63 (top), Foxj1 (bottom), and DAPI. Note that some Trp63 + BCs express ZNF750 (arrowheads), whereas others do not (arrows). (B) IHC for SMAGP, Trp63 (top), Foxj1 (bottom), and DAPI. Single images from confocal stacks. Bars, 25 um.

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Experimental details: Figure 4 Loss of FGFR1 Signaling Results in a Block in Ciliated Cell Differentiation (A) Confocal image of Tg ( KRT5-CreER ); Rosa26R fGFP/+ ; Fgfr1 Delta/fx tracheal section. Green, GFP (reporter); blue, FGFR1; red, SCGB1A1 (secretory cells); white, acetylated tubulin (ACT, cilia). In the patch of GFP + cells marked by the dashed bracket, FGFR1 is absent and there are no ciliated cells. In the GFP + cells within the solid bracket, FGFR1 has not been deleted, there are fewer GFP + cells, and ciliated cell differentiation has occurred. (B) Percentage of GFP + cells that co-express SCGB1A1, ACT, or FOXJ1 in control Tg ( KRT5-CreER ); Rosa26R fGFP/+ ; Fgfr1 +/fx and cKO Tg ( KRT5-CreER ); Rosa26R fGFP/+ ; Fgfr1 Delta/fx animals 24 weeks after tmx administration. (C) Percentage of GFP + luminal cells in cKO Tg ( KRT5-CreER ); Rosa26R fGFP/+ ; Fgfr1 Delta/fx trachea that retain FGFR1 protein 24 weeks after tmx administration. (D) Sections from control and Fgfr1 cKO tracheae at 24 weeks after tmx administration. Green, GFP (reporter); red, gamma-tubulin (basal bodies); white, FOXJ1 (ciliated cells). (E) Schematic of in vitro experiment. (F) Day-11 ALI cultures grown from control and Fgfr1 cKO animals. Green, GFP (reporter); red, ACT (cilia); blue, DAPI (nuclei). Error bars denote SEM. Scale bars represent 100 mum in (A) and (F), and 50 mum in (D).

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Experimental details: Figure 6. Expressions of Ano1 and Cftr in embryonic and fetal airways. ( A ) Expression of Shh , Cftr , and Ano1 in E15 trachea examined by FISH. Shh marks tracheal epithelial cells. Nuclei are stained by DAPI (white). Scale bar indicates 20 mu m. ( B ) Expression of Cftr and Ano1 in tracheal epithelial cells at different time points, with a cell type breakdown for E15 and E16. Expressions of Cftr and Ano1 in neonatal tracheal epithelial cells are shown in Figure 6--figure supplement 1 . ( C ) Expression of CFTR and ANO1 in human fetal trachea of GW 15 by FISH. Two areas (I: surface epithelium/SE; II: submucosal glands/SMG) of the fetal tracheal epithelium are enlarged. Nuclei are stained by DAPI (blue). Scale bar indicates 50 mu m. ( D ) Immunofluorescence staining of TP63 (green) and FOXJ1 (magenta) in human fetal tracheal sample at GW 15. SE and SMG are shown. Ciliated cells are only present in the surface epithelial cell layer. Epithelial cells are marked by E-cad in white. Nuclei are stained by DAPI (blue). Scale bar indicates 50 mu m. Figure 6--figure supplement 1. Expansion of the secretory cell lineage in global and conditional Ano1 knockouts. ( A ) Cellular composition for tracheal epithelial cells of wild-type littermates and Ano1 -/- mutants from different time points. ( B ) scGPS showing cell-cycle gene expression in every epithelial cell state at E16 in wild-type and Ano1 -/- mutant embryos. scGPS (single-cell Geneset Percentile Score) is an expression enrichment

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Experimental details: Figure 1 BMP signaling declines during ependymal cell differentiation. ( a ) Immunohistofluorescence analysis of Id1 in the LGE of the embryonic mouse brain at E14.5 or E16.5 as well as of Id1, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and S100 in the SVZ of the lateral ventricles in the adult mouse brain (P56-P63). The boxed regions of the upper panels are shown at higher magnification in the corresponding lower panels. Arrowheads indicate Id1 + cells. Scale bars, 200 mum (upper panels) or 20 mum (lower panels). Data are representative of three independent experiments. ( b ) Quantification by immunohistofluorescence analysis of Id1 + cells among Sox2 + Ascl1 - NPCs in the LGE at E14.5 and E16.5. Data are means +- SEM (n = 3 embryos for each stage). Three sections were counted per sample. Total of 500-800 cells were counted per section. ** p < 0.01 (two-tailed Student''s unpaired t test). ( c ) Immunoblot analysis of the VZ-SVZ of the embryonic GE and corresponding postnatal basal ganglia at the indicated embryonic, postnatal, and young adult (P30) stages with antibodies to phosphorylated (p) Smad1/5/8, to Id1, to Id4, and to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, loading control). Data are representative of three independent experiments, with each experiment analyzed several times. ( d ) Dissociated cells of the lateral ventricular wall of P0 mice were cultured first for 5 days in vitro (DIV) in the presence of 10% FBS (proliferation medium) and then for up to 5 DIV

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Experimental details: Figure 6 FOXJ1 activates the ADGB promoter via direct binding. A , reporter gene assays of ADGB promoter elements in MCF-7, HeLa, and HEK293T cells with or without co-overexpression of FOXJ1 display a FOXJ1-induced activation of ADGB promoter-driven luciferase activity. This increase in promoter activity is seen in all promoter elements of different lengths (-33 bp to -464, -1064, and -2014 bp upstream of the ADGB TSS). Results are displayed as ratios of firefly to Renilla luciferase activities in relative light units (RLU) and normalized to the pGL3-basic vector (n = 3 independent experiments). B , mRNA and protein experiments of HEK293 cells transiently transfected with a FLAG-FOXJ1 vector. FOXJ1 target gene mRNA levels were measured by RT-qPCR and normalized to beta-actin mRNA levels. Immunoblotting using anti-FLAG and anti-FOXJ1 antibodies also confirmed FOXJ1 overexpression. C , the amount of coprecipitated chromatin derived from the proximal ADGB promoter region using two primer pairs (covering +21 to -184 and -184 to -309 upstream of the ADGB TSS, selected based on the reporter gene assays), its upstream (5'') and downstream (3'') regions as well as an independent region on chromosome 7 in the EPO locus (), was determined by qPCR. Data represent mean +- S.E.M (error bars); * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.

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Experimental details: FIGURE 1 ID4 expression in ependymal cells. (A) Scheme of a coronal section of a mouse brain hemisphere showing the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the lateral ventricles (LV) and a wholemount section that can be dissected out from this region. (B) Immunolabeling of ID4 and FOXJ1 (ependymal cell marker) on wholemount sections of adult C57BL/6J mice. Scale bar: 5 mum. (C) Immunogold staining of ID4 protein on V-SVZ sections. Left panel shows ependymal cells next to neural progenitors and neuroblasts (identified by pseudo-colors). Arrowheads indicate some of the gold particles labeling ID4 protein in ependymal cells. Right panel shows higher magnification of boxed area on left panel. Scale bar: 5 mum left and 2 mum right.

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Experimental details: 1 FIGURE TINCR in mainly expressed in bronchial epithelial cell in human lung. (a) RNA-ISH analysis of representative human lung tissue samples from normal histology lung. TINCR expression in normal histology lung (right image; x100, left image; x200-400). Boxed regions are shown enlarged on the middle and as insets on the left. (b) RNA-ISH and co-staining with IHCs for FOXJ1 in human lung samples. Black arrows point to double positive cells for TINCR and FOXJ1; black arrowheads indicate TINCR positive cells (FOXJ1 negative). (c) qRT-PCR for RNA extracted from various human lung cells; NHBEC (normal human bronchial epithelial cell), BEAS2B (immortalized normal bronchial epithelial cell line), NHLF (normal human lung fibroblasts), WI38 (normal human embryonic lung fibroblast), HL-60 (promyelocytic human cell line), HMVEC (human lung microvascular endothelial cell) and A549 (adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cell). Data are presented as box-whisker plots, n = 6

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Experimental details: Figure 6 Comparison of the differentiation capacity of immortalized BCi-NS1 cells to that of primary basal cells. Primary airway BC and immortalized BCi-NS1 cells were cultured under differentiation inducing conditions on air-liquid interface (ALI). A, B . mRNA transcripts; A . Primary BC. B . BCi-NS1.1 cells. At ALI day 0 and day 28, TaqMan quantitative PCR analysis was used to assess cell type specific mRNA markers: KRT5 (basal cell); TP63 (basal cell); MUC5AC (secretory cell); MUC5B (secretory cell); TFF3 (goblet cell); CC10 (Clara cell); DNAI1 (ciliated cell) and FOXJ1 (ciliated cell). Data shown is the average +- the standard error of n = 5 independent experiments for primary BC and n = 10 independent experiments for BC-NS1.1 cells. Statistics were calculated by a 2-tailed Student's t test. Asterisk (*) indicates not detected. For B , the data represents an average +- the standard error for BCi-NS1.1 cells from passage 6 to 43. C . Characterization of differentiation by Western analysis of cell type specific markers. Lane 1 - Primary BC, ALI day 0; lane 2 - Primary BC, ALI day 28; lane 3 - BCi-NS1.1, ALI day 0; and lane 4 - BCi-NS1.1, ALI day 28. Shown is the expression of a basal cell marker (TP63); Clara cell marker (CC10); and ciliated cell markers (DNAI1 and FOXJ1). GAPDH was used as a loading control. D, E, F . Immunofluorescent staining of ALI day 28 primary BC and BCi-NS1.1 cells for D . CC10 (Clara cell, red), E . MUC5AC (secretory cell, green) or F . TFF3 (goble

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Experimental details: FIGURE 1 TINCR in mainly expressed in bronchial epithelial cell in human lung. (a) RNA-ISH analysis of representative human lung tissue samples from normal histology lung. TINCR expression in normal histology lung (right image; x100, left image; x200-400). Boxed regions are shown enlarged on the middle and as insets on the left. (b) RNA-ISH and co-staining with IHCs for FOXJ1 in human lung samples. Black arrows point to double positive cells for TINCR and FOXJ1; black arrowheads indicate TINCR positive cells (FOXJ1 negative). (c) qRT-PCR for RNA extracted from various human lung cells; NHBEC (normal human bronchial epithelial cell), BEAS2B (immortalized normal bronchial epithelial cell line), NHLF (normal human lung fibroblasts), WI38 (normal human embryonic lung fibroblast), HL-60 (promyelocytic human cell line), HMVEC (human lung microvascular endothelial cell) and A549 (adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cell). Data are presented as box-whisker plots, n = 6

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Experimental details: FIGURE 3 Loss of TINCR expression induced aberrant bronchial cell differentiation in ALI culture model and 3D organoid formation assay. (a) qRT-PCR analysis of relative TINCR, TP63, SCGB1A1, FOXJ1 and MUC5B expression (mean +- SEM) (b) Schematic overview of NHBECs differentiation with transfection of siRNA in ALI culture model. NHBECs were seeded in transwell inserts and expanded for 2-3 days until confluency was reached. NHBECs were transfected with siSCR or siTINCR at day-1, subsequently airlifted and basolateral media was exchanged to differentiation medium at day0. The medium was renewed every 2 days and samples were taken for analysis at 3, 7, and 14 days after airlift. (c) qRT-PCR analysis of TINCR, TP63, SCGB1A1, FOXJ1, MUC5B, COL1A1, FN1, IL-1beta and IL-6 expression at day3 and day14 after airlift with siRNA. * p < 0.05. Data presented are from one of two independent experiments with similar results. (d) Immuofluorescence staining of TP63 and FOXJ1 for NHBEC transfected with siSCR and siTINCR day day3 and day14. Green represents TP63, and red represents FOXJ1 staining. Blue represents nuclear DNA staining by Hoechst33342; bars =20 mum. Quantitative analysis of the singal intensity per cell per group. Bars represent mean score +- SEM. ; * p < 0.05. (e) 3D organoid formation assay for NHBECs transfected siSCR or siTINCR (day14). qRT-PCR analysis of relative gene expression of TINCR, TP63, SCGB1A1, FOXJ1 and MUC5B at day14. * p < 0.05. Data presented are from one of two

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Experimental details: Figure 1. Yap/Taz deletion leads to lung injury, epithelial remodeling, and goblet cell metaplasia (A) Outline of tamoxifen (Tmx) injection scheme for inducible knockout of Yap and Taz using the Nxk2.1-CreERT2 model. Lung tissues for all experiments described below were collected 12 days following tamoxifen treatment. (B) Survival curve for Yap/Taz Nxk-KO (n = 8), Yap Nxk-KO (n = 4), Taz Nxk-KO (n = 3), and control (n = 7) mice (log-rank [Mantel-Cox] test, ***p < 0.0001). (C) H&E staining of representative airway sections from control and Yap/Taz Nxk-KO lungs (scale bars, 50 mum). (D-I) Immunostaining of representative tissue sections from control and Yap/Taz Nxk-KO lungs. DAPI stained nuclei are in blue. (D) Pdpn and pro-SPC immunostaining (scale bars, 50 mum). (E) Immunostaining for Hopx with Pdpn co-staining in representative lungs. (F) The number and intensity of pro-SPC + cells were calculated per image area (from n = 3 images per mouse, from n = 3 control, and n = 5 knockout mice; unpaired t test, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001). (G) Immunostaining for Krt8 and pro-SPC reveals elevated Krt8 expression in SPC + alveolar cells in Yap/Taz Nxk-KO lungs. (H) Krt8 immunostaining in representative airways. (I) Scgb1a1 and Foxj1 immunostaining reveals similar ratios of ciliated and club cells in control and Yap/Taz Nxk-KO lungs. For quantitation, the numbers of FoxJ1 + cells and Scgb1a1 + cells were counted per airway and the ratio was compared for n = 5 airways for each genotype (

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Experimental details: FIGURE 6 Junctional adhesion molecule 3 (Jam 3) expression varies along the differentiation process but does not affect cell differentiation. (A-C) Quantification of mRNA expression of Krt5 (basal marker, in panel A ), FoxJ1 (multiciliated cells marker in panel B ), and Scgb1a1 (secretory cells marker in panel C ) expression in ALI 0, ALI 4, ALI 7, and ALI14. (D-F) Quantification of mRNA expression of Jam1 (E) , Jam2 (F) , and Jam3 (D) expression in ALI 0, ALI 4, ALI 7, and ALI14. Mean relative to control cells and standard deviation as error bars were plotted for each lineage marker, n = 4. (G) Jam3 immunofluorescence in BSCs during expansion in vitro , nucleus in blue (gray in panel G' ) and Jam3 in red (gray in panel G"" ). (H-J) mRNA expression levels of Krt5 (J) , FoxJ1 (H) , and Scgb1a1 (I) in Luc KD (C) and Jam3 KD (D) MTECs. Mean relative to control cells and standard deviation as error bars were plotted for each lineage marker, n = 4. (K,L) Confocal images for Foxj1 (green in panels K,L and gray in panels K',L' ) immunofluorescence in Luc KD (K) or Jam3 KD (L) cells in ALI14. (M) Relative quantification of Foxj1-positive cells along the differentiation process in Luc KD and Jam3 KD cells from ALI 4 to ALI 17. (N-S) Mean mRNA expression levels of Jam3 (O) , Jam1 (P) , Jam2 (N) , Krt5 (D) , Foxj1 (E) , and Scgb1a1 (F) assessed in differentiated MTECs infected with control viruses (Luc KD), Jam2-shRNAs (Jam2 KD), and double knockdown (Jam2 and Jam3), n = 4. Scale bar in

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Experimental details: Fig. 2 HH pathway is activated during AEC differentiation. A , Curves representing the relative mRNAs levels normalized to GAPDH obtained during the course of ALI cultures by RT-qPCR ( n = 5) for differentiation markers (CK5, non-differentiated cells; FOXJ1, ciliated cells; and MUC5AC/MUC5B, mucous-secreting cells) and HH pathway elements (GLI2/3; SMO and PTCH1). Means +-SEM of 2 -DeltaDeltaCt are shown for each ALI time point. B , Representative immunoblots of total proteins extracted from ALI AEC cultures from ALI-7 to ALI-35 for the differentiation markers (Ck5 and Foxj1), HH pathway elements (Gli1/2/3; Smo; Ptch1) and Gapdh ( n = 3). C , Histograms showing the relative increased expressions of Foxj1 and Gli2 protein levels as evaluated by western blot analysis after processing on ImageJ (Gapdh normalized ratios) during the course of AEC differentiation (in arbitrary units, AU). Results show mean +-SEM, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. D , Representative confocal acquisitions from AEC cultures at ALI-14 and ALI-28 for the core HH pathway components Gli1, Gli2, Gli3, Ptch1 and Smo (all green); cilia (acetylated tubulin, red) and cell nuclei (DAPI, blue). Merged z-projections are shown with a magnification corresponding to the selected area.(For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) Fig 2

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Experimental details: FIGURE 3 Recombination in Aldh1L1-CreER T2 ; GFP mice targets astrocytes and neural stem cells in the subependymal zone. (A) Schematic drawing showing the short-term tamoxifen pulse. Here, Aldh1L1-CreER T2 ; GFP mice were injected with tamoxifen every 12 h (12 h) for five consecutive days and killed 2 h post-injection (2 h pi). (B) Representative pictures illustrate an overview of the immunohistochemically stained SEZ of adult Aldh1L1-CreER T2 ; GFP mice. Arrows point toward GFP/GFAP/Aldh1L1 triple positive cells while arrowheads highlight non-recombined GFAP + /Aldh1L1 + cells (DAPI in blue, GFP in green, GFAP in red, Aldh1L1 in white; scale bar = 20 mum). (C,D) Representative images show an immunohistochemically stained SEZ of Aldh1L1-CreER T2 , GFP transgenic mice using antibodies directed against GFP (green), S100beta (red), and Nestin (white). The arrows point toward a GFP/S100beta double positive astrocyte in the SEZ (C) , or a triple positive radial glia-like NSC (D) DAPI is depicted in blue, scale bar = 20 mum. (E) Images show an immunohistochemically stained SEZ of Aldh1L1-CreER T2 , GFP transgenic mice using antibodies directed against GFP (green), FoxJ1 (red), and Aldh1L1 (white). The arrows point toward a triple positive ependymal cell. DAPI is depicted in blue, scale bar = 20 mum. (F,G) Efficiency and specificity of recombination are expressed as the ratio of Aldh1L1/GFP double positive cells over all Aldh1L1 + or GFP + cells, respectively (mean + SEM; 2 h pi). (

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Experimental details: Figure EV3 Optimization of ependymal cell removal using cell tracker/FlashTag Micrographs of coronal forebrain sections of 3-mo-old C57BL/6J mice stained as indicated showing that FlashTag (FT) labelled cells are all positive for the ependymal cell marker FoxJ1. Double-positive cells are indicated by white arrowheads. Scale bars: 500 um (overview) and 20 um (magnification). Brightfield micrograph of a coronal forebrain section of 3-mo-old C57BL/6J mice, showing that FT-positive cells are only lining around the lateral wall of the third ventricle and not penetrating within the parenchyma. Scale bar: 100 um. Removing the dorsal part of the ventricle followed by ACSA-2 MACS from FT labelled 3-mo-old C57BL/6J mice resulted in very little remaining FT-positive cells (lower panel) compared to the tissue preparation where the dorsal part was included in the preparation (upper panel). FT labelled DAPI cells are highlighted by white arrowheads. Scale bars: 20 um. Quantification of FT-positive cells after ACSA-2 MACS using different areas of dissection. Data information: In D data are presented as mean +- SEM. Each dot represents one field per coverslip.

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Experimental details: Figure 5 Dedifferentiated cells are functional stem cells both in vivo and ex vivo a, Schematic representation of the regeneration of epithelium from dedifferentiated cells after SO2 or influenza induced injury. b, Timeline for the induction of dedifferentiation prior to infectious or toxic injury followed by tissue harvest. c, Co-labeling of YFP (green) with CK5 (red; left panels), SCGB1A1 (red; middle panels) and FoxJ1 (red; right panels) after SO 2 (upper panels) or influenza induced injury (lower panels). d. Ex vivo expansion, and differentiation of sorted dedifferentiated cells. e, Immunostaining for CK5(red), p63 (magenta) and YFP (green) on colonies from sorted dedifferentiated cells. f, Co-labeling of YFP (green) with p63 or Acetylated-Tubulin or SCGB1A1 (red). i-Dox, inhaled doxycycline; Tam, tamoxifen; H, harvest. Nuclei - DAPI (blue). n=3 (2 replicates/mice per condition). Scale bar 20um.

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Experimental details: Prom1 becomes restricted to multiciliated cells and its regional levels are controlled by Notch signaling in the developing lung (A) Immunofluorescence (IF) of Prom1 in the E14.5 trachea and intrapulmonary airways at the sites indicated by the numbered green bars in the diagram at the bottom left (adapted from , depicting the stages analyzed in panels A-D, E). Prom1 is detected throughout the epithelium at the apical surface. (B) Double Prom1/Foxj1 IF in E18.5 wild-type lungs. Each panel represents a series of single optical sections from different airway generations as depicted in the diagram (Boxed areas enlarged on the right panels). Prom1 is detected in multiciliated cells marked by Foxj1; labeling is stronger in intrapulmonary airways. (C) Maximum intensity projection of double Prom1/betaIV-Tubulin in E18.5 WT lungs. Boxed area is enlarged on the right panels. Prom1 is detected in ciliated cells in the apical membrane, and in the axonemes where it co-localizes with betaIV-Tubulin. (D) Double IF of Prom1/Cc10 in E18.5 wild-type lungs. Boxed areas are enlarged on the right panel. Prom1 is not detected in secretory cells (marked by Cc10). (E) Double Prom1/Foxj1 IF in E18.5 Rbpjkappa c lungs in different airway generations as depicted in diagram (green bars, bottom left). Boxed areas are enlarged on the right panels. The intensity of the Prom1 channel was increased in relation to panel B in order to better visualize the signal. Airways are overpopulated by multiciliated

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Fig. 1 Lmo4 is expressed in lung epithelial cells. a Immunofluorescence staining for Nkx2.1 (green) and Lmo4 (red) in embryonic lung. Scale bars = 25 mum. b Immunofluorescence staining for CC10, FoxJ1 and Lmo4 in adult lung. Scale bars = 50 mum. c Representative FACS plots showing the sorting strategy to isolate adult lung epithelial subpopulations from live CD31 - CD45 - cells. EpCAM - CD104 - : non epithelial cells; EpCAM + CD104 + (also known as integrin beta4): enriched in alveolar cells; EpCAM + CD104 + CD24 lo (CD24 lo ): enriched in club cells and progenitor cells; EpCAM + CD104 + CD24 hi (CD24 hi ): enriched in ciliated cells. d Representative photos of X-Gal and Nucleo-Fast Red counterstaining of sorted lung subpopulations isolated from Lmo4 LacZKI/+ mice. Scale bars = 50 mum

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Figure 1 Secretory progenitor cells differentiate into ciliated cells following basal stem/progenitor cell ablation a, Schematic representation of ciliated cell ablation. Ciliated, secretory and basal cells are shown in blue, pink and gray respectively. b, Immunostaining for SCGB1A1 (green), FOXJ1 (red) and CK5 (cyan) on control (top) or tamoxifen (Tam)-treated FOXJ1-DTA mice (bottom) (n=6 mice). c, Absolute cell number of each cell type in both groups (n=3 mice). d, Percentage of FOXJ1 + cells per total DAPI + cells over time (n=3 mice). ns, not significant when compared to day 0 of the same group. e, Percentage of FOXJ1 + cells in Tam-treated mice (n=3 mice). f, Schematic representation of secretory cell lineage labeling and basal cell ablation. g, Immunostaining for FOXJ1 (red), YFP (green) and CK5 (cyan) on i-PBS (top) or i-Dox (bottom) treated SCGB1A1-YFP; CK5-DTA mice (n=3 mice). White arrowheads, lineage labeled ciliated cells. h, Percentage of SCGB1A1 + and FOXJ1 + cells per total YFP + cells. Nuclei, DAPI (blue). n=biological replicates/condition repeated twice (two independent experiments). ** p

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Figure 2 Secretory progenitor cells show tonic Notch2 activity at steady-state a, Schematic representation of airway epithelial cell isolation. Relative mRNA expression of Notch2 in sorted cells (n=3 mice) (middle). Percentage of each cell type per total N2ICD + cells (right). b-e, Immunostaining for p63 (left) or FOXJ1 (right) (green), SSEA-1 (b) or SCGB1A1 (d) (cyan) and N2ICD (red). Percentage of N2ICD + cells per total SSEA-1 + (c) or SCGB1A1 + (e) cells (n=3 mice). f, Immunostaining for eGFP (green) and N2ICD (red) in B1-eGFP mice. g, Percentage of N2ICD + cells per total eGFP + cells (n=3 mice). Nuclei, DAPI (blue). White arrowheads, double-positive cells. Images are representative of n=3 mice (biological replicates). * p

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Figure 3 Tonic Notch2 activity is required to maintain secretory cells by preventing their differentiation into ciliated cells a, Schematic representation of canonical Notch signaling inhibition in secretory cells. b, f, Immunostaining for YFP (green) and SCGB1A1 (left) or FOXJ1 (right) (red) in control (top) and experimental (bottom) mice (n=6 mice (b); n=7 mice (f)). White arrowheads, lineage labeled ciliated cells. c, g, Percentage of SCGB1A1 + , SCGB3A2 + , SSEA-1 + , FOXJ1 + , ACTUB + and C-MYB + cells per total YFP + cells. n=3 mice (c); n=7 mice (g). d, h, Relative mRNA expression of Scgb1a1 , Scgb3a2 , FoxJ1 and c-Myb in control and experimental YFP + cells (n=3 mice). e, Immunostaining for RBPJk (cyan), N2ICD (red) and FOXJ1 (green). White arrowheads, RBPJk - N2ICD - FOXJ1 + cells. i, Immunostaining for YFP (green), FOXJ1 (cyan) and N2ICD (red). White arrowheads, FOXJ1 + cells. Yellow arrows, N2ICD + cells. White arrows, actual cilia in lineage labeled cells. Nuclei, DAPI (blue). n=biological replicates/condition repeated three times (three independent experiments). *** p

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Figure 4 Basal cell Jagged2 expression is required to maintain secretory progenitors and prevent their differentiation into ciliated cells a, Relative mRNA expression of Delta1 , Jagged1 and Jagged2 in sorted cells (n=3 mice). b, Schematic representation of Notch ligand disruption in basal cells. c, Immunostaining for SCGB1A1 (red, left) and FOXJ1 (green, right) in control (top) and experimental CK5-Mib1 fl/fl mice (bottom) (n=4 mice). d,j Percentage of SCGB1A1 + , SCGB3A2 + , SSEA-1 + , FOXJ1 + , ACTUB + and C-MYB + cells in control and experimental mice. n=4 mice (d); n=5 mice (j). e,g Immunostaining for N2ICD (red) and YFP (green, in g ) n=4 mice (e); n=5 mice (g). White arrowheads, N2ICD + cells. f,h, Percentage of N2ICD + cells per total DAPI + cells (n=4 mice; n=5 mice). i, Immunostaining for YFP (green) and SCGB1A1 (left) or FOXJ1 (right) (red) in control (top) and experimental CK5-Jag2 fl/fl mice (bottom) (n=5). Nuclei, DAPI (blue). n=biological replicates/condition repeated twice (CK5-Mib1 mice) or three times (CK5-Jag2 mice). * p

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Experimental details: Extended Data Figure 2 Ablation of ciliated cells has no effect on airway cell proliferation, mesenchymal cell types, mesenchymal morphology, and airway stem and progenitor cell replication over time a, Immunostaining for basal (CK5 (green)), ciliated (FOXJ1 (red)), and secretory cells (SCGB1A1 (white)) on either control (left panels) or tamoxifen (Tam)-treated FOXJ1-DTA mice (right panels) 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 150 days after ciliated cell ablation (n=3 mice). b, Quantification of absolute cell numbers of basal CK5 + cells (top graph) and secretory SCGB1A1 + cells (bottom graph) per trachea on control (black bars) or Tam-treated (white bars) mice over time (n=3 mice). c, Immunostaining for ciliated cells (FOXJ1 (green)) and proliferating cells (Ki67 (red)) on either control (upper panel) or tamoxifen (Tam)-treated FOXJ1-DTA mice (lower panel) (n=6 mice). On the right, quantification of the percentage of Ki67 + cells per total DAPI + cells in tracheal sections from control (C) or Tam-treated mice 3 days after cell ablation (n=3 mice). d, Quantification of the percentage of proliferating Ki67 + cells relative to total DAPI + cells in control (black bars) or Tam-treated (white bars) mice over time (n=3 mice). e, Immunostaining for ciliated cells (ACTUB (green)) and cells that have undergone proliferation (BrdU (red)) on either control (upper panel) or Tam-treated mice (lower panel) at day 3 (n=6 mice). On the right, quantification of the percentage of BrdU + cells per total DA

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Extended Data Figure 4 Characterization of Notch pathway components in the steady-state murine tracheal epithelium a, Relative mRNA expression of Notchl, Notch3 and Notch4 assessed by qRT-PCR in pure sorted populations of airway epithelial cells (n=3 mice). Relative expression is normalized to baseline transcript levels in secretory progenitor cells. b, Immunostaining for N1ICD (red) in combination with the basal cell marker p63 (top panel), the secretory cell marker SSEA-1 (middle panel) and the ciliated cell marker FOXJ1 (bottom panel) (green). c, Immunostaining for N3ICD (red) in combination with the basal cell marker podoplanin (PDPN) (top panel), the secretory cell marker SSEA-1 (middle panel) and the ciliated cell marker FOXJ1 (bottom panel) (green). d, Relative mRNA expression of Hes1 , Hey1 and HeyL assessed by qRT-PCR in pure sorted populations of airway epithelial cells (n=3 mice). Relative expression is normalized to baseline transcript levels in secretory progenitor cells. n=biological replicates/condition. ** p

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Experimental details: Extended Data Figure 6 Lineage labeled ciliated cells demonstrate long term persistence after RBPJk deletion without a change in epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis Immunostaining for the lineage label YFP (green) in combination with the secretory cell markers SCGB1A1 (a), SCGB3A2 (b), or the ciliated cell markers FOXJ1 (c) and ACTUB (d) (red) on either Tam-treated SCGB1A1-RBPJk fl/+ control mice (upper panels) or Tam-treated SCGB1A1-RBPJk fl/fl mice (lower panels) thirty days after the last tamoxifen injection (n=3 mice). White arrowheads point to lineage labeled ciliated cells. e, Quantification of the percentage of each cell type per YFP + cells on either control mice (black bars) or Tam-treated SCGB1A1-RBPJk fl/fl mice (white bars) at day 30. f, Quantification of the percentage of ciliated FOXJ1 + cells that incorporate BrdU after continuous BrdU administration to Tam-treated SCGB1A1-RBPJk fl/fl mice (n=3 mice). g, Immunostaining for Ki67 (red) to assess overall proliferation in either Tam-treated SCGB1A1-RBPJk fl/+ control mice (upper panel) or Tam-treated SCGB1A1-RBPJk fl/fl mice (lower panel) (n=3 mice). h,i Immunostaining for FOXJ1 (green) and BrdU (red) in combination with YFP (cyan) (h) or alone (i) on Tam-treated SCGB1A1-RBPJk fl/fl mice that received continuous BrdU (n=3 mice). j, Immunostaining to detect apoptotic cells by TUNEL assay (red) in combination with YFP lineage labeled cells (green) in either Tam-treated SCGB1A1-RBPJk fl/+ control mice (upper p

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Experimental details: Extended Data Figure 8 Proliferation and apoptosis following deletion of Notch2 in secretory progenitor cells a, Immunostaining for lineage label YFP (green), FOXJ1 (cyan) and N2ICD (red) in Tam-treated SCGB1A1-Notch2 fl/fl mice. White arrowhead points to a lineage labeled cell co-expressing markers for secretory and ciliated cell fates. The inset shows the single stain for FOXJ1 of the indicated region. b, Immunostaining for lineage label YFP (green), FOXJ1 (cyan) and SSEA-1 (red) in Tam-treated SCGB1A1-Notch2 fl/fl mice. White arrowhead points to a lineage labeled transitional cell. c, Immunostaining for BrdU (green), p63 (red) and Ki67 (cyan) to assess overall proliferation on either Tam-treated SCGB1A1-Notch2 +/+ control mice (upper panels) or Tam-treated SCGB1A1-Notch2 fl/fl mice (lower panels). d, Quantification of the percentage of ciliated FOXJ1 + cells that incorporate BrdU after continuous BrdU administration to Tam-treated SCGB1A1-Notch2 fl/fl mice (n=4 mice). e, Immunostaining for FOXJ1 (green) and BrdU (red) on Tam-treated SCGB1A1-Notch2 fl/fl mice that received continuous BrdU (n=4 mice). f, Immunostaining to detect apoptotic cells by TUNEL assay (green) on either Tam-treated SCGB1A1-Notch2 +/+ control mice (upper panel) or Tam-treated SCGB1A1-Notch2 fl/fl mice (lower panel). g, Immunostaining for YFP (green) in combination with activated caspase3 (red) on control mice (upper panel) or Tam-treated SCGB1A1-Notch2 fl/fl mice (lower panel). Analysis performed 10 da

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Experimental details: Extended Data Figure 9 Loss of Notch ligands in basal stem cells promotes secretory cell differentiation into ciliated cells without affecting proliferation or apoptosis a, Quantification of the percentage of basal PDPN + cells that express Mib1 (left graph) on either Dox-treated CK5-Mib1 +/+ control mice or Dox-treated CK5-Mib1 fl/fl mice (n=4 mice). Right graph, percentage of basal cells in which Mib1 was deleted in Dox-treated CK5-Mib1 fl/fl mice (n=4 mice). b, Immunostaining for Mib1 (red) and the basal cell marker CK5 (green). White arrowheads point to Mib1 + basal cells. c, Immunostaining for the secretory cell markers SCGB3A2 (left panels) and SSEA-1 (right panels) (red) in control (top panels) and experimental (bottom panels) mice. d, Immunostaining for the ciliated cell markers ACTUB (left panels) and C-MYB (right panels) (green) in control (top panels) and experimental (bottom panels) mice. e, Flow cytometry analysis of EpCAM + CD24 + ciliated cells and EpCAM + SSEA-1 + secretory cells from control and experimental mice. f, Percentage of epithelial (EpCAM + ) basal, secretory and ciliated cells on both groups by flow cytometry (n=3 mice). g, Immunostaining for Ki67 (green) and the secretory cell marker SCGB1A1 (red) on control (top panel) or Dox-treated CK5-Mib1 fl/fl mice (bottom panel). h, Immunostaining for BrdU (green) in combination with the basal cell transcription factor p63 (red) on both groups. i, Immunostaining for FOXJ1 (green) and BrdU (red) on Dox-treat

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Extended Data Figure 10 Disruption ofDisruption of Jag2 in basal stem/progenitor cells causes the differentiation of secretory progenitor cells into ciliated cells without affecting proliferation or apoptosis a, Schematic representation of Jag2 inhibition using lentiviruses (LV) carrying shRNAs. Infected GFP + cells were cultured in an air-liquid interface (ALI) culture system for 23d, when they were harvested, sorted and analyzed. b, Relative mRNA expression of Jag2 in tracheal epithelial cells infected with mock vector (control) or with vectors carrying 4 different shRNAs targeting Jag2 72h after infection. c, Relative mRNA expression of Jag2 in tracheal epithelial basal cells infected with mock vector (control) or with lentivirus targeting Jag2 (shJag2 877) after 23d in ALI. d, Relative mRNA expression of the secretory genes ( Scgb1a1 and Scgb3a2 ) and the ciliated cell genes ( FoxJ1 and c-Myb ) in mock (black bars) and shJag2 877 (grey bars) infected cells 23d after ALI initiation. Relative expression is normalized to baseline transcript levels in mock infected cells. e, Relative mRNA expression of Jag2 on sorted recombined (YFP + ) basal cells and unrecombined YFP - basal cells from Tam-treated CK5-Jag2 fl/fl mice (n=3 mice). Relative expression is normalized to baseline transcript levels in YFP - cells. f, Percentage of YFP + cells per total DAPI + cells (efficiency of recombination) on either Tam-treated CK5-Jag2 +/+ control (black bars) or Tam-treated CK5-Jag2 fl/fl (

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Experimental details: Figure 4. Deletion of Grhl2 in BCs impairs apical-basal polarity of daughter cells in clonal spheres and their differentiation into ciliated cells. (A) At day 14, spheres were fixed, sectioned, and stained for Grhl2, Trp63 or Foxj1, and DAPI. Note the presence of Trp63 + BCs and absence of Foxj1 cells in spheres that do not stain for Grhl2 (right). (B) Sections of spheres stained for Grhl2, Krt8, Pdpn (BC marker), and DAPI. Bottom panels are higher magnifications of boxed regions. Note the low cuboidal shape of mutant Krt8 + luminal cells. (C) Sections of similar spheres stained for E-cadherin (E-cad) and Cldn4. (D) Sections stained for Scgb3a2, Foxj1, and DAPI. Note the absence of ciliated cells and the presence of secretory cells in mutant spheres. (E) qRT-PCR analysis of grainyhead-like genes and genes involved in cell differentiation, ciliogenesis, and Notch signaling in spheres cultured for 14 d. Data (+-SEM) are from triplicates of two biological replicates. *, P < 0.05. Bars: (A and D) 100 um; (B and C) 20 um.

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Experimental details: Figure 5. Mutation of GRHL2 in HBE cells using CRISPR/Cas9 inhibits the development of TER and differentiation of ciliated cells. (A) Sequences of 18 clones amplified from the target region of genomic DNA of selected cells transfected with any lentiCRISPR-GRHL2 sgRNA viruses. Target regions amplified from control cells showed no mutations. The red highlights are mismatched, missing, or inserted nucleotides. Asterisks indicate every 10 nucleotides of the genomic sequence. (B) Selected cells were cultured in ALI, and TER was measured every other day. Values are mean and SEM of triplicate wells, and data are from one of n = 4 biological replicates. Other replicates gave similar results. (C) At ALI day 3, cell proliferation was assayed using EdU incorporation over 2 h, and EdU and the BC marker Trp63 were analyzed by IHC. The right panel is quantification of the proportion of EdU + cells. P = 0.077 > 0.05. (D) Whole-mount IHC of control and GRHL2 mutant ALI cultures at day 21 for alpha-tubulin (ciliated cell marker), Muc5AC (secretory cell marker), and Grhl2. Note the presence of a small patch of cells that still express Grhl2 protein in the top right panel. The bottom panel is the quantification of the proportion of Foxj1 + ciliated and Muc5AC + secretory cells. Values are mean and SEM of triplicate wells from one donor. Other donors gave similar results. *, P < 0.05. (E) Representative DIC microscopy images of spheres at day 21 from BCs from two different donors. (Bottom) CFE o

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Experimental details: Figure 2. Jag1 and Jag2 collectively contribute to balance multiciliated and secretory cell fate in intrapulmonary airways. ( A ) qPCR analysis: markers of multiciliated ( Foxj1) and secretory cell fate ( Scgb3a2, Scgb1a1 [ CC10 ]) in mutant and respective control lung homogenates (n = 4 Jag1 control, n = 3 Jag1 c ; n = 4 Jag2 control; n = 4 Jag2 c ; n = 4 Jag1/Jag2 control; n = 4 Jag1 c ; Jag2 c ). Decreased expression of secretory markers and increased Foxj1 predominantly in Jag1 c and in double Jag1 c ; Jag2 c . Graphs represent mean +- SEM. Student's t-test: differences statistically significant at *p

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Experimental details: Figure 1 Ependymal Cell Progenitors Are Produced Locally along the Brain Ventricles (A-C) Representative images of coronal sections of Emx1-Cre; Ai14 (A), Gsh2-Cre; Ai14 (B), and Nkx2.1-Cre; Ai14 (C) forebrain at P10, immunostained with CD24 (green) and DsRed (tdT, red) antibodies. CD24 + tdT + ependymal cells are only observed in the Cre-expressing domains in each mouse line (indicated by a dashed line). (D-I) Representative high-magnification images of the Emx1-Cre; Ai14 (D and G), Gsh2-Cre; Ai14 (E and H), and Nkx2.1-Cre; Ai14 (F and I) coronal sections immunostained with FoxJ1 (green) and DsRed (tdT, red) antibodies in the Cre + domains (D-F) or Cre - domains (G-I), respectively. In the Cre + domains, almost all ependymal cells are tdT + , whereas very few cells are double-labeled in the Cre - domains in each mouse line. (J-L) Quantification of the mean percentage of tdT + ependymal cells in different areas of the ventricular zone from n = 6, n = 4, and n = 5 mice from each of the three transgenic mouse lines: Emx1-Cre; Ai14 (J), Gsh2-Cre; Ai14 (K), and Nkx2.1-Cre; Ai14 (L), respectively. Error bars indicate the SEM. The p values were determined with a Mann-Whitney test; ** p

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Experimental details: Figure 2 Radial Glial Cells Generate Ependymal Cells and Adult Neural Stem Cells (Type B1 Astrocytes) (A) Experimental schematic for (B)-(D). The H2B-GFP-expressing plasmid was electroporated in utero at E14.5 and analyzed on V-SVZ whole-mount (WM) at P15. CC, corpus callosum; Cx, cortex; LV, lateral ventricle; R, rostral; D, dorsal. (B and D) P15 V-SVZ whole-mounts were double-immunostained with FoxJ1 (red) and Sox9 (blue) antibodies (B) or FOP (white) and GFAP (red) antibodies (D). GFP + FoxJ1 + Sox9 + ependymal cells are indicated by arrows, and GFP + FoxJ1 - Sox9 + astrocytes are outlined in white (B). GFP + GFAP - ependymal cells with multiple FOP + dots are indicated by arrows, and a GFP + GFAP + astrocyte with a FOP + centrosome is indicated by an arrowhead (D). (C) Mean percentage of astrocytes (Sox9 + FoxJ1 - ), ependymal cells (Sox9 + FoxJ1 + ), and others (Sox9 - FoxJ1 - ) among H2B-GFP + electroporated cells. Analyses were done on n = 3 animals; a total of 441 cells were counted. Error bars represent the SEM. The p values were determined with a two-proportion Z test; *** p

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Experimental details: Figure 3 Clonal Analysis of Ependymal Cells with MAGIC Markers Reveals Both Symmetric and Asymmetric Divisions of RGCs (A) Experimental schematic. Nucbow plasmids were electroporated in utero at E14.5 and analyzed at P15-P20. (B-D) Representative Z-projected image of an en face view of the V-SVZ (B) immunostained at P15 with anti-FoxJ1 antibody (C). (D) shows a segmented image of (B) and (C), obtained using FoxJ1 staining, as a reference ( STAR Methods ; Figures S3-S5 ). FoxJ1 + Nucbow + cells are outlined in white. (E) Circular hue-saturation and hue-value plots of all Nucbow + cells from (D). (F and G) High-magnification images of the insets in (D), showing examples of clones: 2 ependymal doublets and 1 triplet containing 1 ependymal cell and 2 FoxJ1 - cells (F) and 3 ependymal doublets, 1 ependymal triplet, and 1 triplet containing 1 ependymal cell and 2 FoxJ1 - cells (G). (H) Mean percentages of clones containing 2 or 3-8 Nucbow + cells. Error bars represent the SEM of n = 163 clones of 2 cells and n = 186 clones of 3-8 cells; p values were determined by Mann-Whitney test; ns, p > 0.05. (I) Mean percentages of clones of 2 Nucbow + cells containing 1 (mixed clones, gray) or 2 (ependymal clones, black) FoxJ1 + cells. Error bars represent the SEM of n = 82 ependymal clones and n = 81 mixed clones from 6 independent experiments; p values were determined by Mann-Whitney test; ns, p > 0.05. (J) Average 3D distances between the cells composing ependymal or mixed clon

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Experimental details: Figure 6. Ciliated cell regeneration is promoted in Axl -/- mice at an early phase of influenza virus-induced epithelial injury in vivo. (A) Immunostaining of cilia (acetylated tubulin, magenta) and basal cells (Krt5, green) of mouse tracheas at day 8 after H1N1/PR8 influenza A virus infection. (B) Quantification of area covered by cilia/um of airways. (C) Immunostaining of ciliated cells (Foxj1, magenta) and basal cells (Krt5, green) of mouse tracheas 8 d after infection of C57BL/6 or Axl-deficient mice. Yellow arrows indicate nuclear staining of Foxj1 in ciliated cells. (D) Quantification of the number of Foxj1 + ciliated cells/um of airways (left graph) and the ratio of Foxj1 + cells to Krt5 + basal cells (right graph). Data are representative of two independent experiments and are expressed as mean +- SEM of three individual mice (B and D). *, P < 0.05 vs. C57BL/6; two-tailed unpaired t test. Nuclei (blue) were stained with DAPI, and scale bars represent 25 um (A and C).

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Experimental details: Fig. 3 IBV survivor cell populations are predominantly composed of cells expressing ciliated cell markers. a Tracheas were collected from Mock and Mal/04-Cre infected mice at 2 and 14 DPI then opened longitudinally and flattened to image the surface area of the whole-mount tracheal epithelium. Scale bar = 25 mum. b Quantification of apical surface area covered by tdTomato+ survivor cells from whole-mount trachea images. n = 4, 12 images per group, respectively, Student's T -test. c Flow cytometry of 14 DPI tdTomato- (uninfected cells) and 14 DPI tdTomato+ (survivor cells) from the lungs of Mal/04-Cre infected mice, where cells are stained with CD24 (ciliated), SSEA-1 (secretory), GSIB4 (basal) cell surface markers. d Quantification of flow cytometry. n = 3 mice per group. e Cross-sectioned microscopy of murine tracheal epithelial cells from mice 14 days post-infection with Mal/04-Cre stained with KRT5 to label basal stem cells and SSEA-1 to label secretory cells. f Cross-sectioned microscopy of murine tracheal epithelial cells from mice 14 days post-infection with Mal/04-Cre stained with FOXJ1 to label ciliated cells. g Quantification of tdTomato+ survivor cells stained with cell-specific markers: KRT5, SSEA-1, and FOXJ1 compiled from two independent experiments. Data are presented as the number of marker+ cells out of total tdTomato+ cells and the percentage was calculated for marker+ cells out of total tdTomato+ cells imaged. S.E.M was plotted to indicate variability around

Supportive validation

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Experimental details: Fig. 5 Ciliated-like survivor cells display reduced expression of ciliated cell transcription factors and fail to elaborate surface cilia. a Quantitative RT-PCR measuring RNA levels of Forkhead Box J1 (Foxj1) in flow sorted EpCam+ CD24+ mock infected cells, tdTomato- (uninfected cells), and tdTomato+ (survivor cells) at 14 days post-infection. n = 3 mice per sample, one-way ANOVA. b Air-liquid interface differentiated cultures of primary murine epithelial cells were infected with Mal/04-mNeon (green) and stained for FOXJ1 (red). White arrows = mNeon+ (infected cells), yellow arrows = mNeon- (uninfected cells). c Quantification of FOXJ1 brightness per cell, normalized to brightness of uninfected cells. n = 6 images, at least four cells quantified per image for each group, Student's T -test. d Microscopy of cross-sectioned murine tracheas from mock infected mice where epithelial cells were stained for FOXJ1 and acetylated tubulin for mature cilia. White arrow = tdTomato- (uninfected cells) with intact cilia. e Close-up panel of uninfected murine tracheal ciliated cells stained for FOXJ1 and ACTUB. White arrow = tdTomato- (uninfected cells) with intact cilia. f Quantification of uninfected cells that are double positive for FOXJ1 and ACTUB. g Microscopy of cross-sectioned murine tracheas from Mal/04-Cre infected mice at 14 DPI where epithelial cells were stained for FOXJ1 and ACTUB. White arrow = tdTomato- (uninfected cells) with intact cilia, yellow arrows = tdTomato+ (survivor

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Experimental details: Fig. 2 Loss of Stk11 in airway progenitor cells impairs ciliated cell differentiation. a E16.5 lungs were stained with antibodies against FOXJ1 and SCGB1A1. b The proportion of FOXJ1 + cells (Left, n = 3) and SCGB1A1 + cells (Right, n = 4) in the intrapulmonary airways of E16.5 lungs. c Pregnant mice carrying Sox2 -CreER; Rosa26 -mTmG; Stk11 F/+ (Control) and Sox2 -CreER; Rosa26 -mTmG; Stk11 F/F ( Sox2 - Stk11 ) embryos were treated with tamoxifen at E13.5 and analyzed at E16.5. d E16.5 lungs were stained with antibodies against GFP, FOXJ1, and SCGB1A1. The yellow arrowheads indicate cells expressing both GFP and FOXJ1. e The proportion of FOXJ1 + GFP + cells to GFP + cells (Left) (Control, n = 6; Sox2 - Stk11 , n = 5) and SCGB1A1 + GFP + cells to GFP + cells (Right) ( n = 3) in the intrapulmonary airways of E16.5 lungs. f Ten-week-old mice were treated with three doses of tamoxifen and analyzed after 30 days. g Lungs were stained with antibodies against GFP, FOXJ1, and SCGB1A1 at day 30. The yellow arrowheads indicate cells expressing both GFP and FOXJ1. h The proportion of FOXJ1 + GFP + cells to GFP + cells at day 30 ( n = 4). * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. Data shown in the graphs are means +- SEM. Student's t test. Scale bars: a , d : 25 mum, g : 20 mum

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Experimental details: Fig. 3 Inhibiting cell proliferation partially rescues the impaired ciliated cell differentiation. a Heat map of the expression values of genes expressed differentially between E16.5 Shh - Stk11 lungs and control lungs. b Fold change of relative mRNA expression of airway epithelial cell genes in E16.5 Shh - Stk11 lungs compared to Control lungs ( n = 3). c Fold change of relative mRNA expression of cell-cycle genes in E16.5 Shh - Stk11 lungs compared to Control lungs ( n = 3). d Pregnant females were oral gavaged daily with a CDK4/6 inhibitor (PD0332991) each day from E12.5 to E14.5. Lungs were analyzed at E16.5. e Cell proliferation was analyzed by antibody staining against Ki67 and E-cadherin (E-cad). f The proportion of Ki67 + cells in the intrapulmonary airways of E16.5 lungs (vehicle Control, n = 5; vehicle Shh - Stk11 , n = 3; PD0332991 Control, n = 7; PD0332991 Shh - Stk11 , n = 8). g Immunofluorescence staining with antibodies against FOXJ1 and SCGB1A1 in lungs after either vehicle or PD0332991 treatment. h The proportion of FOXJ1 + cells (vehicle Control, n = 3; vehicle Shh - Stk11 , n = 4; PD0332991 Control, n = 3; PD0332991 Shh - Stk11 , n = 5) and the proportion of SCGB1A1 + cells ( n = 3) in the intrapulmonary airways of E16.5 lungs after either vehicle or PD0332991 treatment. i Ten-week-old mice were treated with three doses of tamoxifen. Mice were treated with PD0332991 or vehicle every other day via oral gavage and fed with water containing IdU for 30 days bef

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
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Experimental details: Fig. 4 The kinase activity of STK11 is required for ciliated cell differentiation. a A schematic illustration showing the air-liquid interphase trachea culture system of this study. Adenovirus (Ad)-GFP, STK11 WT , or STK11 KD particles were added into the medium at day 0. The tracheal rudiments were cultured with different adenovirus for 5 days. b , c The proportion of Ki67 + cells in the epithelium of cultured tracheal rudiments at day 5 ( c ) were quantified by Ki67 immunostaining ( b ) (Ad-GFP Control, n = 5; Ad-GFP Shh - Stk11 , n = 6; Ad-STK11 WT Control, n = 4; Ad-STK11 WT Shh - Stk11 , n = 5; Ad-STK11 KD Control, n = 4; Ad-STK11 KD Shh - Stk11 , n = 6). d - f Cultured tracheal rudiments were stained with antibodies against FOXJ1 and GFP at day 5. g The proportion of FOXJ1 + cells in the epithelium of cultured tracheal rudiments at day 5 (Ad-GFP Control, n = 3; Ad-GFP Shh - Stk11 , n = 3; Ad-STK11 WT Control, n = 3; Ad-STK11 WT Shh - Stk11 , n = 3; Ad-STK11 KD Control, n = 5; Ad-STK11 KD Shh - Stk11 , n = 3). ns, not significant; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. Data shown in the graphs are means +- SEM. Student's t test. Scale bars: 11 mum

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
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Experimental details: Fig. 5 A STK11/MARK3 cascade controls ciliated cell differentiation by limiting the activity of ERK1/2 signaling. a Immunofluorescence staining with antibodies against p-MARK3 and acetylated-alpha-Tubulin in E16.5 lungs. Yellow arrows indicate ciliated cells expressing both acetylated-alpha-Tubulin and p-MARK3. b E13.5 tracheal rudiments were cultured with Ad-GFP, Ad-MARK3 WT , or Ad-MARK3 CA viruses for 5 days. c , d Cultured tracheal rudiments were stained with antibodies against FOXJ1 at day 5 ( c ). The proportion of FOXJ1 + ciliated cells was quantified (Ad-GFP Control, n = 3; Ad-GFP Shh - Stk11 , n = 3; Ad-MARK3 WT Control, n = 3; Ad-MARK3 WT Shh - Stk11 , n = 4; Ad-MARK3 CA Control, n = 4; Ad-MARK3 CA Shh - Stk11 , n = 3) (d). e E16.5 lungs were stained with antibodies against p-ERK1/2 and SOX2. f Pregnant female mice were oral gavaged with p-ERK1/2 inhibitor PD0325901 or vehicle at E13.5. Lungs were analyzed at E16.5. g , h Immunofluorescence staining with antibodies against FOXJ1 in the vehicle-treated or PD0325901-treated lungs ( g ). The proportion of FOXJ1 + cells ( n = 3) and the proportion of SCGB1A1 + cells ( n = 3) in the intrapulmonary airways of E16.5 lungs were quantified ( h ). i E13.5 tracheal rudiments were cultured with vehicle or PD0325901 for 5 days. j , k Cultured tracheal rudiments were stained with antibodies against FOXJ1 at day 5 (j). The proportion of FOXJ1 + ciliated cells was quantified (vehicle Control, n = 4; vehicle Shh - Stk11 , n = 3; PD0

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
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Experimental details: Fig. 6 STK11 ensures the ciliated cell fate commitment. a Immunofluorescence staining with antibodies against FOXJ1 and SCGB1A1 in the E16.5 lungs. White arrowheads indicate cells that do not express SCGB1A1 and FOXJ1. b The proportion of SCGB1A1 - FOXJ1 - cells (Left), and the proportion of FOXJ1 + cells (Right) in the intrapulmonary airways of E16.5 lungs ( n = 3). c Immunofluorescence staining with antibodies against FOXJ1 and SCGB1A1 in the E18.5 lungs. White arrowheads indicate cells that do not express SCGB1A1 and FOXJ1. d The proportion of SCGB1A1 - FOXJ1 - cells (Left), and the proportion of FOXJ1 + cells (Right) in the intrapulmonary airways of E18.5 lungs ( n = 3). e Immunofluorescence staining with antibodies against acetylated-alpha-tubulin and JAG1 (JAGGED1) in E16.5 lungs. Yellow arrowheads indicate the acetylated-alpha-tubulin - cells that express JAG1. f The proportion of JAG1 + cells in the intrapulmonary airways of E16.5 lungs (Control, n = 4; Shh - Stk11 , n = 4). g Immunofluorescence staining with antibodies against acetylated-alpha-tubulin and JAG1 in E18.5 lungs. Yellow arrowheads indicate the acetylated-alpha-tubulin - cells that express JAG1. h The proportion of JAG1 + cells in the intrapulmonary airways of E18.5 lungs (Control, n = 4; Shh - Stk11 , n = 5). ns, not significant; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. Data shown in the graphs are means +- SEM. Student's t -test. Scale bars: 11 mum

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
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Experimental details: Figure 3 Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 expression during late embryonic lung development in specific epithelial lineages. (A-E) Immunostaining on E18.5 Fgfr1-Cerulean;Fgfr2-mCherry lungs for GFP (Fgfr1-Cerulean), RFP (Fgfr2-mCherry, red), Hopx (white), Sftpc (white), p63 (white), Scgb1a1 (white), Foxj1 (white), or CGRP (white). (G) Quantification of relative average pixel intensity for Fgfr2 in alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells, AT1 cells, proximal and distal club cells and tracheal basal cells at E18.5. Data are mean +- s.e.m. **P < 0.01, as determined by a two-tailed t-test; n = 6 biological replicates for each experimental group. Scale bars, 100 um.

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
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Experimental details: Figure 5 Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 expression in the adult lung after naphthalene injury. (A-P) Immunostaining on ctrl and naphthalene injured adult Fgfr1-Cerulean;Fgfr2-mCherry lungs for GFP (Fgfr1-Cerulean, green), RFP (Fgfr2-mCherry, red), Scgb1a1 (white), Foxj1 (white), Acta2 (white), or CGRP (white) (arrowheads indicate double labeled cells whereas frames show only GFP and RFP). (Q) Quantification of relative average pixel intensity for Fgfr2 in NEBs after naphthalene injury. Data are mean +- s.e.m. **P < 0.01, as determined by a two-tailed t-test; n >= 5 biological replicates for each experimental group. Scale bars, 100 um.