Antibody data
- Antibody Data
- Antigen structure
- References [51]
- Comments [0]
- Validations
- Western blot [1]
- Immunoprecipitation [1]
- Immunohistochemistry [1]
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Validation data
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- Product number
- 11612-1-AP - Provider product page

- Provider
- Proteintech Group
- Proper citation
- Proteintech Cat#11612-1-AP, RRID:AB_2216933
- Product name
- VPRBP antibody
- Antibody type
- Polyclonal
- Description
- KD/KO validated VPRBP antibody (Cat. #11612-1-AP) is a rabbit polyclonal antibody that shows reactivity with human, mouse, rat and has been validated for the following applications: FC, IF, IHC, IP, WB, ELISA.
- Reactivity
- Human, Mouse, Rat
- Host
- Rabbit
- Conjugate
- Unconjugated
- Isotype
- IgG
- Vial size
- 20ul, 150ul
Submitted references CSN6 Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Progression and Gemcitabine Resistance via Antagonizing DCAF1-Mediated Ubiquitination of NPM1.
DNA damage induced by HIV-1 Vpr triggers epigenetic remodeling and transcriptional programs to enhance virus transcription and latency reactivation.
Molecular recording of cellular protein kinase activity with chemical labeling.
RACK1 is required for normal B cell development and signaling but not RAG1 degradation.
Deciphering lentiviral Vpr/Vpx determinants required for HUSH and SAMHD1 antagonism highlights the molecular plasticity of these evolutionary conflicts.
STK39 inhibits antiviral immune response by inhibiting DCAF1-mediated PP2A degradation.
HIV Vpr activates a nucleolar-specific ATR pathway to degrade the nucleolar stress sensor CCDC137.
HIV-1 Vpr drives epigenetic remodeling to enhance virus transcription and latency reactivation.
VprBP regulates osteoclast differentiation via an epigenetic mechanism involving histone H2A phosphorylation.
HIV-1 Vpr combats the PU.1-driven antiviral response in primary human macrophages.
DOT1L/H3K79me2 represses HIV-1 reactivation via recruiting DCAF1.
HIV-1 Vpr-induced DNA damage activates NF-κB through ATM-NEMO independent of cell cycle arrest.
HIV-1 Vpr combats the PU.1-driven antiviral response in primary human macrophages.
Phosphorylation and stabilization of EZH2 by DCAF1/VprBP trigger aberrant gene silencing in colon cancer.
Isoform-specific and ubiquitination dependent recruitment of Tet1 to replicating heterochromatin modulates methylcytosine oxidation.
Stabilization of SAMHD1 by NONO is crucial for Ara-C resistance in AML.
HIV-1 Vpr drives a tissue residency-like phenotype during selective infection of resting memory T cells.
The CRL4VPRBP(DCAF1) E3 ubiquitin ligase directs constitutive RAG1 degradation in a non-lymphoid cell line.
VprBP directs epigenetic gene silencing through histone H2A phosphorylation in colon cancer.
Huntingtin-Interacting Protein 1 Promotes Vpr-Induced G2 Arrest and HIV-1 Infection in Macrophages.
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Cul4b promotes CD4+ T cell expansion by aiding the repair of damaged DNA.
Adenovirus Remodeling of the Host Proteome and Host Factors Associated with Viral Genomes.
DCAF1 regulates Treg senescence via the ROS axis during immunological aging.
The Potential of MLN3651 in Combination with Selumetinib as a Treatment for Merlin-Deficient Meningioma.
Vpr Targets TET2 for Degradation by CRL4(VprBP) E3 Ligase to Sustain IL-6 Expression and Enhance HIV-1 Replication.
HIV-1 Vpr hijacks EDD-DYRK2-DDB1(DCAF1) to disrupt centrosome homeostasis.
Primate immunodeficiency virus proteins Vpx and Vpr counteract transcriptional repression of proviruses by the HUSH complex.
VprBP (DCAF1) Regulates RAG1 Expression Independently of Dicer by Mediating RAG1 Degradation.
TET1 inhibits cell proliferation by inducing RASSF5 expression.
Primate lentiviruses use at least three alternative strategies to suppress NF-κB-mediated immune activation.
The Epithelial Circumferential Actin Belt Regulates YAP/TAZ through Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of Merlin.
DCAF1 controls T-cell function via p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Degradation of SAMHD1 by Vpx Is Independent of Uncoating.
Characterization of the interactions between SIVrcm Vpx and red-capped mangabey SAMHD1.
Vpr Promotes Macrophage-Dependent HIV-1 Infection of CD4+ T Lymphocytes.
Tumor suppressor protein Lgl mediates G1 cell cycle arrest at high cell density by forming an Lgl-VprBP-DDB1 complex.
CRL4(VprBP) E3 ligase promotes monoubiquitylation and chromatin binding of TET dioxygenases.
Cyclin L2 is a critical HIV dependency factor in macrophages that controls SAMHD1 abundance.
CRL4-DCAF1 ubiquitin E3 ligase directs protein phosphatase 2A degradation to control oocyte meiotic maturation.
Defining the interactions and role of DCAF1/VPRBP in the DDB1-cullin4A E3 ubiquitin ligase complex engaged by HIV-1 Vpr to induce a G2 cell cycle arrest.
A panel of protein markers for the early detection of lung cancer with bronchial brushing specimens.
Vpr overcomes macrophage-specific restriction of HIV-1 Env expression and virion production.
Ubiquitin E3 ligase CRL4(CDT2/DCAF2) as a potential chemotherapeutic target for ovarian surface epithelial cancer.
Autophagy negatively regulates cancer cell proliferation via selectively targeting VPRBP.
Linker Histone H1.2 cooperates with Cul4A and PAF1 to drive H4K31 ubiquitylation-mediated transactivation.
CRL4 complex regulates mammalian oocyte survival and reprogramming by activation of TET proteins.
Differential effects of Vpr on single-cycle and spreading HIV-1 infections in CD4+ T-cells and dendritic cells.
HIV-2 viral protein X (Vpx) ubiquitination is dispensable for ubiquitin ligase interaction and effects on macrophage infection.
Vpr-binding protein antagonizes p53-mediated transcription via direct interaction with H3 tail.
Vpx is critical for SIVmne infection of pigtail macaques.
Vpx rescues HIV-1 transduction of dendritic cells from the antiviral state established by type 1 interferon.
Zhang Y, Gao H, Tang A, Lyu H, Fan Z, Guo J, Wang Y, Yi H, Pan Q, Luo H, Qin B, Zhang B, Meng X, Liu Q, Lee MH
Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2026 Jan;13(1):e10210
Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2026 Jan;13(1):e10210
DNA damage induced by HIV-1 Vpr triggers epigenetic remodeling and transcriptional programs to enhance virus transcription and latency reactivation.
Saladino N, Leavitt E, Wong HT, Ji JH, Ebrahimi D, Salamango DJ
PLoS biology 2026 Feb;24(2):e3003621
PLoS biology 2026 Feb;24(2):e3003621
Molecular recording of cellular protein kinase activity with chemical labeling.
Sun DE, Ng SW, Zheng Y, Xie S, Schwan N, Breuer P, Hoffmann DC, Michel J, Azorin DD, Boonekamp KE, Winkler F, Wick W, Boutros M, Li Y, Johnsson K
Nature chemical biology 2025 Nov;21(11):1818-1827
Nature chemical biology 2025 Nov;21(11):1818-1827
RACK1 is required for normal B cell development and signaling but not RAG1 degradation.
Palmer VL, Schabla NM, Kumar V, Swanson PC
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2025 Nov 1;214(11):3003-3016
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2025 Nov 1;214(11):3003-3016
Deciphering lentiviral Vpr/Vpx determinants required for HUSH and SAMHD1 antagonism highlights the molecular plasticity of these evolutionary conflicts.
Larrous P, Garnier C, Morel M, Martin MM, Zarrouk K, Maesen S, Matkovic R, Cimarelli A, Etienne L, Margottin-Goguet F
Journal of virology 2025 May 20;99(5):e0019825
Journal of virology 2025 May 20;99(5):e0019825
STK39 inhibits antiviral immune response by inhibiting DCAF1-mediated PP2A degradation.
Zhang C, Xu P, Wang Y, Chen X, Pan Y, Ma Z, Wang C, Xu H, Zhou G, Zhu F, Xia H
Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B 2025 Mar;15(3):1535-1551
Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B 2025 Mar;15(3):1535-1551
HIV Vpr activates a nucleolar-specific ATR pathway to degrade the nucleolar stress sensor CCDC137.
Nisson KA, Patel RS, Delgado Y, Bouhaddou M, Etienne L, Fregoso OI
Nucleic acids research 2025 Jun 6;53(11)
Nucleic acids research 2025 Jun 6;53(11)
HIV-1 Vpr drives epigenetic remodeling to enhance virus transcription and latency reactivation.
Saladino N, Leavitt E, Wong HT, Ji JH, Ebrahimi D, Salamango DJ
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2025 Jan 31;
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2025 Jan 31;
VprBP regulates osteoclast differentiation via an epigenetic mechanism involving histone H2A phosphorylation.
Shin Y, Kim S, Choi TI, Kim CH, An W
Epigenetics & chromatin 2024 Nov 26;17(1):35
Epigenetics & chromatin 2024 Nov 26;17(1):35
HIV-1 Vpr combats the PU.1-driven antiviral response in primary human macrophages.
Virgilio MC, Ramnani B, Chen T, Disbennett WM, Lubow J, Welch JD, Collins KL
Nature communications 2024 Jun 29;15(1):5514
Nature communications 2024 Jun 29;15(1):5514
DOT1L/H3K79me2 represses HIV-1 reactivation via recruiting DCAF1.
Liang F, Jin J, Li Q, Duan J, Jiang A, Chen X, Geng H, Wu K, Yu F, Zhao X, Zhou Y, Hu D, Chen L
Cell reports 2024 Jul 23;43(7):114368
Cell reports 2024 Jul 23;43(7):114368
HIV-1 Vpr-induced DNA damage activates NF-κB through ATM-NEMO independent of cell cycle arrest.
Sandoval C, Nisson K, Fregoso OI
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2024 Jan 25;
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2024 Jan 25;
HIV-1 Vpr combats the PU.1-driven antiviral response in primary human macrophages.
Virgilio MC, Ramnani B, Chen T, Disbennett WM, Lubow J, Welch JD, Collins KL
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2024 Feb 27;
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2024 Feb 27;
Phosphorylation and stabilization of EZH2 by DCAF1/VprBP trigger aberrant gene silencing in colon cancer.
Ghate NB, Kim S, Shin Y, Kim J, Doche M, Valena S, Situ A, Kim S, Rhie SK, Lenz HJ, Ulmer TS, Mumenthaler SM, An W
Nature communications 2023 Apr 17;14(1):2140
Nature communications 2023 Apr 17;14(1):2140
Isoform-specific and ubiquitination dependent recruitment of Tet1 to replicating heterochromatin modulates methylcytosine oxidation.
Arroyo M, Hastert FD, Zhadan A, Schelter F, Zimbelmann S, Rausch C, Ludwig AK, Carell T, Cardoso MC
Nature communications 2022 Sep 2;13(1):5173
Nature communications 2022 Sep 2;13(1):5173
Stabilization of SAMHD1 by NONO is crucial for Ara-C resistance in AML.
Zhang F, Sun J, Tang X, Liang Y, Jiao Q, Yu B, Dai Z, Yuan X, Li J, Yan J, Zhang Z, Fan S, Wang M, Hu H, Zhang C, Lv XB
Cell death & disease 2022 Jul 8;13(7):590
Cell death & disease 2022 Jul 8;13(7):590
HIV-1 Vpr drives a tissue residency-like phenotype during selective infection of resting memory T cells.
Reuschl AK, Mesner D, Shivkumar M, Whelan MVX, Pallett LJ, Guerra-Assunção JA, Madansein R, Dullabh KJ, Sigal A, Thornhill JP, Herrera C, Fidler S, Noursadeghi M, Maini MK, Jolly C
Cell reports 2022 Apr 12;39(2):110650
Cell reports 2022 Apr 12;39(2):110650
The CRL4VPRBP(DCAF1) E3 ubiquitin ligase directs constitutive RAG1 degradation in a non-lymphoid cell line.
Schabla NM, Swanson PC
PloS one 2021;16(10):e0258683
PloS one 2021;16(10):e0258683
VprBP directs epigenetic gene silencing through histone H2A phosphorylation in colon cancer.
Ghate NB, Kim S, Spiller E, Kim S, Shin Y, Rhie SK, Smbatyan G, Lenz HJ, Mumenthaler SM, An W
Molecular oncology 2021 Oct;15(10):2801-2817
Molecular oncology 2021 Oct;15(10):2801-2817
Huntingtin-Interacting Protein 1 Promotes Vpr-Induced G2 Arrest and HIV-1 Infection in Macrophages.
Murakami T, Matsuura R, Chutiwitoonchai N, Takei M, Aida Y
Viruses 2021 Nov 19;13(11)
Viruses 2021 Nov 19;13(11)
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Cul4b promotes CD4+ T cell expansion by aiding the repair of damaged DNA.
Dar AA, Sawada K, Dybas JM, Moser EK, Lewis EL, Park E, Fazelinia H, Spruce LA, Ding H, Seeholzer SH, Oliver PM
PLoS biology 2021 Feb;19(2):e3001041
PLoS biology 2021 Feb;19(2):e3001041
Adenovirus Remodeling of the Host Proteome and Host Factors Associated with Viral Genomes.
Dybas JM, Lum KK, Kulej K, Reyes ED, Lauman R, Charman M, Purman CE, Steinbock RT, Grams N, Price AM, Mendoza L, Garcia BA, Weitzman MD
mSystems 2021 Aug 31;6(4):101128msystems0046821
mSystems 2021 Aug 31;6(4):101128msystems0046821
DCAF1 regulates Treg senescence via the ROS axis during immunological aging.
Guo Z, Wang G, Wu B, Chou WC, Cheng L, Zhou C, Lou J, Wu D, Su L, Zheng J, Ting JP, Wan YY
The Journal of clinical investigation 2020 Nov 2;130(11):5893-5908
The Journal of clinical investigation 2020 Nov 2;130(11):5893-5908
The Potential of MLN3651 in Combination with Selumetinib as a Treatment for Merlin-Deficient Meningioma.
Lyons Rimmer J, Ercolano E, Baiz D, Makhija M, Berger A, Sells T, Stroud S, Hilton D, Adams CL, Hanemann CO
Cancers 2020 Jun 30;12(7)
Cancers 2020 Jun 30;12(7)
Vpr Targets TET2 for Degradation by CRL4(VprBP) E3 Ligase to Sustain IL-6 Expression and Enhance HIV-1 Replication.
Lv L, Wang Q, Xu Y, Tsao LC, Nakagawa T, Guo H, Su L, Xiong Y
Molecular cell 2018 Jun 7;70(5):961-970.e5
Molecular cell 2018 Jun 7;70(5):961-970.e5
HIV-1 Vpr hijacks EDD-DYRK2-DDB1(DCAF1) to disrupt centrosome homeostasis.
Hossain D, Ferreira Barbosa JA, Cohen ÉA, Tsang WY
The Journal of biological chemistry 2018 Jun 15;293(24):9448-9460
The Journal of biological chemistry 2018 Jun 15;293(24):9448-9460
Primate immunodeficiency virus proteins Vpx and Vpr counteract transcriptional repression of proviruses by the HUSH complex.
Yurkovetskiy L, Guney MH, Kim K, Goh SL, McCauley S, Dauphin A, Diehl WE, Luban J
Nature microbiology 2018 Dec;3(12):1354-1361
Nature microbiology 2018 Dec;3(12):1354-1361
VprBP (DCAF1) Regulates RAG1 Expression Independently of Dicer by Mediating RAG1 Degradation.
Schabla NM, Perry GA, Palmer VL, Swanson PC
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2018 Aug 1;201(3):930-939
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2018 Aug 1;201(3):930-939
TET1 inhibits cell proliferation by inducing RASSF5 expression.
Li BT, Yu C, Xu Y, Liu SB, Fan HY, Pan WW
Oncotarget 2017 Oct 17;8(49):86395-86409
Oncotarget 2017 Oct 17;8(49):86395-86409
Primate lentiviruses use at least three alternative strategies to suppress NF-κB-mediated immune activation.
Hotter D, Krabbe T, Reith E, Gawanbacht A, Rahm N, Ayouba A, Van Driessche B, Van Lint C, Peeters M, Kirchhoff F, Sauter D
PLoS pathogens 2017 Aug;13(8):e1006598
PLoS pathogens 2017 Aug;13(8):e1006598
The Epithelial Circumferential Actin Belt Regulates YAP/TAZ through Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of Merlin.
Furukawa KT, Yamashita K, Sakurai N, Ohno S
Cell reports 2017 Aug 8;20(6):1435-1447
Cell reports 2017 Aug 8;20(6):1435-1447
DCAF1 controls T-cell function via p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Guo Z, Kong Q, Liu C, Zhang S, Zou L, Yan F, Whitmire JK, Xiong Y, Chen X, Wan YY
Nature communications 2016 Jan 5;7:10307
Nature communications 2016 Jan 5;7:10307
Degradation of SAMHD1 by Vpx Is Independent of Uncoating.
Jáuregui P, Logue EC, Schultz ML, Fung S, Landau NR
Journal of virology 2015 May;89(10):5701-13
Journal of virology 2015 May;89(10):5701-13
Characterization of the interactions between SIVrcm Vpx and red-capped mangabey SAMHD1.
Li J, Xu F, Hu S, Zhou J, Mei S, Zhao X, Cen S, Jin Q, Liang C, Guo F
The Biochemical journal 2015 Jun 1;468(2):303-13
The Biochemical journal 2015 Jun 1;468(2):303-13
Vpr Promotes Macrophage-Dependent HIV-1 Infection of CD4+ T Lymphocytes.
Collins DR, Lubow J, Lukic Z, Mashiba M, Collins KL
PLoS pathogens 2015 Jul;11(7):e1005054
PLoS pathogens 2015 Jul;11(7):e1005054
Tumor suppressor protein Lgl mediates G1 cell cycle arrest at high cell density by forming an Lgl-VprBP-DDB1 complex.
Yamashita K, Ide M, Furukawa KT, Suzuki A, Hirano H, Ohno S
Molecular biology of the cell 2015 Jul 1;26(13):2426-38
Molecular biology of the cell 2015 Jul 1;26(13):2426-38
CRL4(VprBP) E3 ligase promotes monoubiquitylation and chromatin binding of TET dioxygenases.
Nakagawa T, Lv L, Nakagawa M, Yu Y, Yu C, D'Alessio AC, Nakayama K, Fan HY, Chen X, Xiong Y
Molecular cell 2015 Jan 22;57(2):247-260
Molecular cell 2015 Jan 22;57(2):247-260
Cyclin L2 is a critical HIV dependency factor in macrophages that controls SAMHD1 abundance.
Kyei GB, Cheng X, Ramani R, Ratner L
Cell host & microbe 2015 Jan 14;17(1):98-106
Cell host & microbe 2015 Jan 14;17(1):98-106
CRL4-DCAF1 ubiquitin E3 ligase directs protein phosphatase 2A degradation to control oocyte meiotic maturation.
Yu C, Ji SY, Sha QQ, Sun QY, Fan HY
Nature communications 2015 Aug 18;6:8017
Nature communications 2015 Aug 18;6:8017
Defining the interactions and role of DCAF1/VPRBP in the DDB1-cullin4A E3 ubiquitin ligase complex engaged by HIV-1 Vpr to induce a G2 cell cycle arrest.
Gérard FC, Yang R, Romani B, Poisson A, Belzile JP, Rougeau N, Cohen ÉA
PloS one 2014;9(2):e89195
PloS one 2014;9(2):e89195
A panel of protein markers for the early detection of lung cancer with bronchial brushing specimens.
Liu YZ, Jiang YY, Wang BS, Hao JJ, Shang L, Zhang TT, Cao J, Xu X, Zhan QM, Wang MR
Cancer cytopathology 2014 Nov;122(11):833-41
Cancer cytopathology 2014 Nov;122(11):833-41
Vpr overcomes macrophage-specific restriction of HIV-1 Env expression and virion production.
Mashiba M, Collins DR, Terry VH, Collins KL
Cell host & microbe 2014 Dec 10;16(6):722-35
Cell host & microbe 2014 Dec 10;16(6):722-35
Ubiquitin E3 ligase CRL4(CDT2/DCAF2) as a potential chemotherapeutic target for ovarian surface epithelial cancer.
Pan WW, Zhou JJ, Yu C, Xu Y, Guo LJ, Zhang HY, Zhou D, Song FZ, Fan HY
The Journal of biological chemistry 2013 Oct 11;288(41):29680-91
The Journal of biological chemistry 2013 Oct 11;288(41):29680-91
Autophagy negatively regulates cancer cell proliferation via selectively targeting VPRBP.
Wang BS, Liu YZ, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Hao JJ, Yang H, Wang XM, Zhang ZQ, Zhan QM, Wang MR
Clinical science (London, England : 1979) 2013 Feb;124(3):203-14
Clinical science (London, England : 1979) 2013 Feb;124(3):203-14
Linker Histone H1.2 cooperates with Cul4A and PAF1 to drive H4K31 ubiquitylation-mediated transactivation.
Kim K, Lee B, Kim J, Choi J, Kim JM, Xiong Y, Roeder RG, An W
Cell reports 2013 Dec 26;5(6):1690-703
Cell reports 2013 Dec 26;5(6):1690-703
CRL4 complex regulates mammalian oocyte survival and reprogramming by activation of TET proteins.
Yu C, Zhang YL, Pan WW, Li XM, Wang ZW, Ge ZJ, Zhou JJ, Cang Y, Tong C, Sun QY, Fan HY
Science (New York, N.Y.) 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1518-21
Science (New York, N.Y.) 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1518-21
Differential effects of Vpr on single-cycle and spreading HIV-1 infections in CD4+ T-cells and dendritic cells.
de Silva S, Planelles V, Wu L
PloS one 2012;7(5):e35385
PloS one 2012;7(5):e35385
HIV-2 viral protein X (Vpx) ubiquitination is dispensable for ubiquitin ligase interaction and effects on macrophage infection.
McCulley A, Ratner L
Virology 2012 May 25;427(1):67-75
Virology 2012 May 25;427(1):67-75
Vpr-binding protein antagonizes p53-mediated transcription via direct interaction with H3 tail.
Kim K, Heo K, Choi J, Jackson S, Kim H, Xiong Y, An W
Molecular and cellular biology 2012 Feb;32(4):783-96
Molecular and cellular biology 2012 Feb;32(4):783-96
Vpx is critical for SIVmne infection of pigtail macaques.
Belshan M, Kimata JT, Brown C, Cheng X, McCulley A, Larsen A, Thippeshappa R, Hodara V, Giavedoni L, Hirsch V, Ratner L
Retrovirology 2012 Apr 24;9:32
Retrovirology 2012 Apr 24;9:32
Vpx rescues HIV-1 transduction of dendritic cells from the antiviral state established by type 1 interferon.
Pertel T, Reinhard C, Luban J
Retrovirology 2011 Jun 22;8:49
Retrovirology 2011 Jun 22;8:49
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Supportive validation
- Submitted by
- Proteintech Group (provider)
- Main image

- Experimental details
- HeLa cells were subjected to SDS PAGE followed by western blot with 11612-1-AP(VPRBP antibody) at dilution of 1:500
- Sample type
- cell line
Supportive validation
- Submitted by
- Proteintech Group (provider)
- Main image

- Experimental details
- IP Result of anti-VPRBP (IP:11612-1-AP, 3ug; Detection:11612-1-AP 1:1000) with HeLa cells lysate 3800ug.
- Sample type
- cell line
Supportive validation
- Submitted by
- Proteintech Group (provider)
- Main image

- Experimental details
- The VPRBP antibody from Proteintech is a rabbit polyclonal antibody to a recombinant protein of human VPRBP. This antibody recognizes human,mouse,rat antigen. The VPRBP antibody has been validated for the following applications: ELISA, WB, IHC, IP analysis.