14-9892-82

antibody from Invitrogen Antibodies

Targeting: GFAP FLJ45472

Provider product page for 14-9892-82

Western blot

Immunocytochemistry

Immunohistochemistry

Flow cytometry

Other assay

Antibody data

Antibody Data
Antigen structure
References [35]
Comments [0]
Validations
Western blot [2]
Immunocytochemistry [2]
Other assay [24]

Submit

Product number: 14-9892-82 - Provider product page
Provider: Invitrogen Antibodies
Product name: GFAP Monoclonal Antibody (GA5), eBioscience™
Antibody type: Monoclonal
Antigen: Other
Description: Description: This GA5 monoclonal antibody reacts with human, mouse, rat, chicken, rabbit, and pig glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). This 49-kDa type III intermediate filament protein is expressed in neural tissues and distinguishes astrocytes from other glial cells during central nervous system development. Three alternative splice variants of GFAP exist; however, alpha-GFAP is the predominant form expressed in astrocytes. GFAP can co-assemble with vimentin and nestin in astrocytes, but such associations are not required for assembly. Like other intermediate filaments, GFAP assembly is dependent on phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the N-terminal domain. Studies have demonstrated that mutations in the GFAP gene lead to Alexander disease. Moreover, GFAP has also been shown to be overexpressed in certain glial-derived tumors. Applications Reported: This GA5 antibody has been reported for use in immunocytochemistry, western blotting, immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections, and flow cytometric analysis. Applications Tested: This GA5 antibody has been tested by immunoblotting of lysate prepared from mouse brain, immunocytochemistry of fixed and permeabilized C6 cells, and immunohistochemistry of FFPE human tissue using low pH antigen retrieval. This can be used at less than or equal to 5 µg/mL. Purity: Greater than 90%, as determined by SDS-PAGE. Aggregation: Less than 10%, as determined by HPLC. Filtration: 0.2 µm post-manufacturing filtered.
Reactivity: Human, Mouse, Rat, Chicken/Avian, Porcine, Rabbit
Host: Mouse
Isotype: IgG
Antibody clone number: GA5
Vial size: 100 µg
Concentration: 0.5 mg/mL
Storage: 4° C

GFAP protein structure - 14-9892-82 shown in red.

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: FIGURE 4 The expression and distribution of Pannexin-1 Channels were detected by double immunofluorescent staining. Pannexin-1 Channels/NeuN, Pannexin-1 Channels/IBA and Pannexin-1 Channels/GFAP co-staining in the Sham group and SAH group (Pannexin-1 Channel = red, NeuN, IBA and GFAP = green, DAPI = blue). According to the result of immunofluorescence staining, at the cellular level, Pannexin-1 Channels were expressed mainly in neurons and microglial cells, whereas infrequently expressed in astrocytes. Data not shown.

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Figure 3 SB216763 and Nec-1 reduces the fluorescence intensity of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurocan in astrocytes after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats. SB216763 (400 pmol) or Nec1 (48 nmol) was intracerebroventricularly administered before ischemia. (A) Representative images of GFAP, neurocan, and Hoechst staining in the peri-infarct zones of the sham or cerebral ischemic cortex at 7 d after reperfusion following tMCAO for 90 min (GFAP: red; neurocan: green; Hoechst: blue). The white dotted line represents the edge between the infarct area and the peri-infarct zones, and the white boxes indicate the corresponding area of the enlarged images shown below. (B) Quantification of fluorescence intensity of GFAP and neurocan in panel A. Mean +- SD, n = 3. ** P < 0.01 vs. sham group; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 vs. I/R group.

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Figure 4 SB216763 and Nec-1 reduces the fluorescence intensity of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and phosphacan in astrocytes after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). SB216763 (400 pmol) or Nec1 (48 nmol) was intracerebroventricularly administered before ischemia. (A) Representative images of GFAP, phosphacan, and Hoechst staining in the peri-infarct zones of the sham or cerebral ischemic cortex at 7 d after reperfusion following tMCAO for 90 min (GFAP: red; phosphacan: green; Hoechst: blue). The white dotted line represents the edge between the infarct area and the peri-infarct zones, and the white boxes indicate the corresponding area of the enlarged images shown below. (B) Quantification of fluorescence intensity of GFAP and phosphacan in panel A. Mean +- SD, n = 3. ** P < 0.01 vs. sham group; ## P < 0.01 vs. I/R group.

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Figure 5 SB216763 and Nec-1 reduce the fluorescence intensity of neurocan in astrocytes. (A) Fluorescent double-immunostaining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurocan in primary cultured astrocytes exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) for 6 h and reoxygenation for 24 h after treatment with Nec-1 (100 muM) and SB216763 (5 muM) (neurocan: red; GFAP: green; Hoechst: blue). (B) Quantification of fluorescence intensity of neurocan in panel A. Mean +- SD, n = 3. ** P < 0.01 vs. non-OGD-Re24 h group; ## P < 0.01 vs. OGD6 h-Re24 h group.

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Figure 6 SB216763 and Nec-1 reduce the fluorescence intensity of phosphacan in astrocytes. (A) Fluorescent double-immunostaining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and phosphacan in primary cultured astrocytes exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) for 6 h and reoxygenation for 24 h after treatment with Nec-1 (100 muM) and SB216763 (5 muM) (phosphacan: red; GFAP: green; Hoechst: blue). (B) Quantification of fluorescence intensity of phosphacan in panel A. Mean +- SD, n = 3. ** P < 0.05 vs. non-OGD-Re24 h group; ## P < 0.01 vs. OGD6 h-Re24 h group.

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Figure 7 SB216763 and Nec-1 inhibit astrocyte proliferation. (A, C) . Astrocyte proliferation was measured by double-staining with EdU and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The proportion of EdU-positive cells was significantly reduced after SB216763 and Nec-1 treatment (EdU: red; GFAP: green; Hoechst: blue). (B, D) . Quantification of fluorescence intensity of EdU and GFAP double-positive cells in panels A and B. Mean +- SD, n = 3. ** P < 0.05 vs. non-OGD-Re24 h+DMSO group; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 vs. OGD6 h-Re24 h+DMSO group.

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Figure 13 Nec-1 reduces the levels of p-GSK3beta in astrocytes exposed to OGD for 6 h and reoxygenation for 24 h. Astrocytes were treated with or without Nec-1 (100 muM) during OGD and reoxygenation. (A, B) Representative images from Western blotting (WB) analysis of the p-GSK3beta and t-GSK3beta. Columns present data from the quantitative analysis of p-GSK3beta and t-GSK3beta immunoblots, respectively. beta-Actin protein was used as a loading control. Mean +- SD, n = 3. * P < 0.05 vs. non-OGD-Re24 h group; ## P < 0.01 vs. OGD6 h-Re24 h group. (C) Fluorescent double-immunostaining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and p-GSK3beta in primary cultured astrocytes (GFAP: red; p-GSK3beta: green; Hoechst: blue). (D) Quantification of fluorescence intensity of p-GSK3beta immunostaining in panel C. Mean +- SD, n = 3. ** P < 0.01 vs. non-OGD-Re24 h group; ## P < 0.01 vs. OGD6 h-Re24 h group.

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Figure 3 Data (median and interquartile ranges) for ( a ) the area covered by GFAP fluorescent immunoreactivity and the numerical density of ( c ) S100beta cells and ( e ) NG2-glia immunoreactive puncta (n = 6 in all groups) in the right striatum adjacent to the microinjection site in the germinal matrix of newborn male rats. Symbols represent values obtained for each rat. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 in each comparison indicated. Note the control values and the effects of collagenase and collagenase plus ACTH. ( b , d , and f ) are representative images of the corresponding results in each experimental group and biomarker studied. Scale bar = 25 um.

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Figure 1 Characterization of neuronal (NDE) and astrocyte derived exosomes (ADE)s. (A) FACS analysis of plasma NDEs and ADEs following the formation of bead-antibody-exosome (BAE)--FITC complexes. Streptavidin magnetic beads were incubated with exosomes isolated from non-psychiatric comparison subjects (NC) and people with schizophrenia (PWS) ( n = 60) and enriched against biotinylated anti-human CD171 biotin (L1CAM, NDE) or anti-GLAST antibody (ADE). BAE complexes are stained with FITC prior to FACS. (B) Plasma NDE and ADE preparations from NC and PWS patients were probed with exosome marker, Flotilin-1 (1:1000). Non-exosome fraction (supernant resulting from 1 h spin at 1500G) served as the negative control while total exosomes (diluted in 1x PBS prior to neuronal and astrocyte enrichment) served as the positive control. The resultant Western Blot demonstrated that NDEs are Flotillin and Neun positive and GFAP negative. However, we were not able to get a signal for the ADEs. Due to multiple freeze-thaw cycles, the integrity of the samples used in the current study had diminished significantly.

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Figure 2 Neuronal uptake of BoNT/A ad . E19 rat hippocampal neurons were cultured in maintenance medium for 10/A ad for 24 hours at 37degC. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Panel A: Cells were exposed to 25 nM BoNT/A ad . Plot shows cells stained with F1-40 mAb to detect BoNT/A ad light chain (X-axis) and with anti-GFAP mAb to detect glia (Y-axis). Numbers in each quadrant represent the percentage of cells in that population. Panel B: Calculated median fluorescent intensity (MFI) from cell cultures exposed for 24 hr at 37degC to indicated concentrations of BoNT/A ad .

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Fig. 4 White matter pathology in the optic tract. a At 8 M post-TBI, histopathological analyses were performed on the optic tract, using Iba1 (microglia), NeuroSilver (axonal injury), SMI312 (neurofilament), and GFAP (astrocytes). Representative images for each stain are shown. Scale bar represents 200 mum. b Quantification of ( a ) was plotted by reporting the density and size of microglia, the stain area of NeuroSilver, the density of neurofilament-positive axonal bulbs, and GFAP immunofluorescence intensity of astrocytes. Data are plotted as mean +- SE with an overlaid scatterplot of individual animals

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Fig. 3 Moesin is expressed by microglia and endothelial cells in mouse brain. a Representative immunofluorescence images of Cx3cr1 CreER-YFP -WT ( N = 4) and Cx3cr1 CreER-YFP -5xFAD ( N = 6) mouse cortex stained for microglia (GFP) and Msn. Arrow indicates microglia immunopositive for GFP and Msn. Asterisk indicates cells immunopositive for Msn only. b Representative immunofluorescence images of Cx3cr1 CreER-YFP -5xFAD ( N = 6) mouse cortex stained for amyloid-beta (Abeta), microglia (GFP), and Msn. Arrow indicates Abeta plaque as well as microglia immunopositive for GFP and Msn. c Representative immunofluorescence images of WT ( N = 3) and 5xFAD ( N = 4) mouse cortex stained for endothelial cells (CD31) and Msn. Arrow indicates endothelial cells immunopositive for CD31 and Msn. Asterisk indicates cells immunopostive for Msn only. d Representative immunofluorescence images of WT ( N = 3) and 5xFAD ( N = 4) mouse cortex stained for astrocytes (GFAP) and Msn. Arrow indicates cells immunopositive for Msn only. Asterisk indicates astroctyes immunopostive for GFAP only. Scale bar = 30 mum

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Figure 3 Serpina3n Expression Is Restricted to Neurons During EAE Representative images of Serpina3n expression in neurons (A-B) and astrocytes (C-D) of PBS (controls) or EAE mice at d16 and d50 postimmunization. Tissues were stained for Serpina3n (red), beta-III-Tubulin (neuronal marker, green), and DAPI (blue) (A-B). Colocalization of Serpina3n in astrocytes was evaluated by staining for Serpina3n (red), GFAP (astrocyte marker, green), and DAPI (blue) (C-D). EAE = experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; GFAP = glial fibrillary acid protein.

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Figure 4 S1004A Expression in CNS Tissue During EAE Representative images are shown for S100A4 expression in neurons (A-B) and astrocytes (C-D) of PBS (controls) or EAE mice at d16 and d50 postimmunization. Tissues were stained for S100A4 (red), beta-III-Tubulin (neuronal marker, green), and DAPI (blue) (A-B). Colocalization of S100A4 in astrocytes was evaluated by staining for S100A4 (red), GFAP (astrocyte marker, green), and DAPI (blue) (C-D). EAE = experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; GFAP = glial fibrillary acid protein.

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Fig 1 Characterization of brain astrocytes. Astrocytes from B6 mice were isolated as described in Materials and Methods. Before use, astrocytes were stained with mAb against GFAP (green) and nuclei with DAPI (blue) followed by immunofluorescence microscopy (A, 20 magnifications) and flow cytometry (B).

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: FIGURE 4 Reactivity of spinal cord astrocytes is most pronounced during acute stage of EAE. (a) Upset diagram depicting the number and overlap of DEGs comparing each EAE stage to unimmunized control. Bars show number of enriched and depleted genes (bottom-left). Overlapping DEGs are illustrated by interconnected dots between groups (bottom-right) and the number of DEGs are depicted in in bar graph (top). (b) Circos plot depicting GO annotations of up- and down-regulated genes per EAE stage compared to astrocytes from unimmunized control mice. (c) Mean log expression of pan-reactive, LPS-reactive, and MCAO-reactive astrocyte markers, and genes involved in lactate metabolism, myelination, blood brain barrier, and cholesterol synthesis. For a list of genes see supplemental file Table S1 ( n = 4-6). (d) Normalized expression of selected reactive astrocyte markers Serpina3n , H2-D1 , and Lcn2 and of C4b , Cxn43 , and Btbd17 . Significantly different expression compared to unimmunized control is indicated (#). Boxes show 25th to 75th percentiles and median, and whiskers indicate min/max ( n = 4-6). (e) Representative images of MHC-II (green) and GFAP (magenta) co-expression in mouse spinal cord during EAE disease progression. Yellow arrows indicate co-expression; white arrows indicated MHC-II expression in GFAP neg structures ( n = 3)

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Figure 5 Regulation of muscovite in activated astrocytes. (A, B) Immunofluorescence staining demonstrates that GFAP is regulated for muscovite injection. (C) Western blot assay confirming GFAP expression after muscovite injection. beta-Actin was used as the loading control. Scale bar: 100 um. Data are expressed as the mean +- SEM ( n = 3/group). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, vs . sham group; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, vs . PSNL group (one-way analysis of variance followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test). DAPI: 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; HL: hindlimb (BL25); LB: lumbar (GB34); PSNL: partial sciatic nerve ligation. Figure 5

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Figure 1 Astrocyte cell culture purity. Spinal cord neonatal astrocyte primary cell cultures were prepared from WT and SOD1 G93A P2 pups, and their purity has been verified by flow cytometry ( a - m ) and immunofluorescence ( n - s ). ( a - c ) Representative flow cytometry dot plots of SOD1 G93A astrocytes showing the cell population gated by ( a ) side scatter (SSC-ALog) vs. forward scatter (FSC-HLin), ( b ) SSC-ALog vs. forward scatter (FSC-ALog) and ( c ) SSC-Alog vs. side scatter (SSC-HLog). ( d - f ) Representative dot plots of SOD1 G93A unstained SOD1 G93A astrocytes. ( g - j ) Representative dot plots of SOD1 G93A astrocytes after incubation with fluorophore-conjugated antibodies for ( g ) GFAP (astrocyte marker; green fluorescence), ( h , i ) ACSA2 (astrocyte marker; yellow fluorescence) and ( j ) TMEM119 (microglia marker; green fluorescence). ( k - m ) Representative flow cytometry histogram plots of SOD1 G93A astrocytes showing the expression of ( k ) GFAP, ( l ) ACSA2 and ( m ) TMEM, compared to the respective unstained controls. For quantization, n = 4 biological replicates per group were analyzed. ( m - r ) Representative confocal microscopy images of WT and SOD1 G93A spinal cord neonatal astrocyte primary cell cultures stained with selective antibodies for ( n , q ) GFAP (green fluorescence) and ( o , r ) CD11b (specific microglia marker; red fluorescence); ( p , s ) merge panels. For quantization, n = 3 biological replicates per group were analyzed, with each

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Fig. 2 Expression of retinal markers during aging and under low-level oxidative stress (10 mg/kg NaIO 3 ) . Representative images of young and old retinas from WT and DJ-1 KO mice injected with PBS or NaIO 3 and stained for anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) ( A ), Nile Red dye for neutral lipids ( B ) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) ( C ). Quantification of Nile Red stained neutral lipid droplets in RPE ( D ) and AGEs in Bruch's membrane ( E ) of young and old WT and DJ-1 KO mice. The apical and basal borders of the RPE is highlighted by brackets in B and C . Data are represented as mean +- SEM; n = 3-4 mice per group. Two-way Anova with Tukey's multiple comparisons test was performed; ****p

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Figure 6. Microglia restricted ischemia-induced astrocyte response and neural injury. Primary cortical neurons were subjected to 5 min OGD. Immediately after OGD, culture media was replaced with regular neurobasal medium mixed with equal volume of glia-conditioned medium for 24 h. Glia-conditioned medium was obtained from cultured microglia, astrocytes or mixed microglia and astrocytes (microglia&solastrocyte) at 24 h after 30 min OGD. (a) Representative images show staining of beta III Tubulin (green), DAPI (blue) and TUNEL (red) in primary cortical neurons exposed to OGD and glia-conditioned medium as indicated. Primary cortical neurons without exposure to OGD or glia-conditioned medium were used as controls. Scale bars: 20 um. (b) Quantification of TUNEL &plus cells after exposure to indicated treatment. CM: conditional medium. (c) Bar graphs show the level of released LDH from primary cortical neurons after exposure to indicated treatment. LDH release was expressed by normalizing the released LDH in the medium to the total LDH (released &plus intracellular). CM: conditional medium. (d) Primary astrocytes were cultured separately or together with microglia (microglia&solastrocyte). After 30 min OGD and subsequent 24 h recovery, intracellular staining of GFAP and indicated cytokines was performed and analyzed by flow cytometry. Bar graphs show the percentage of GFAP &plus cells expressing IL-1&agr, IL-1&bgr, iNOS, CCL2, TNF-&agr and IL-6. Error bars represent SD. ; &ast P

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Airy light-sheet Mesolens imaging of cleared coronal section of the mouse forebrain (A) A maximum intensity projection of 100 Airy light-sheet images of mouse brain stained with anti-GFAP mouse monoclonal antibody coupled with Alexa Fluor 488 and cleared using CUBIC-R, shown after deconvolution. A z-step size of 1.5 mum was used; therefore, spanning a total specimen thickness of 150 mum. Digitally zoomed regions (B) and (E) show both sub-cellular resolution of astrocytes and ependymal cells, and (C) and (D) show GFAP reactive astrocytes only. The regions shown in the image correspond to the commissure of the cingulate cortex (B), external capsule and caudoputamen (C and D), and 3rd ventricle (E). The look-up table for (A-E) is mpl-inferno, and the images were converted to 8-bit values (0-255). Scale bar: (A) 1000 mum, (B-E) 50 mum. The vertical line is not indicative of stitching: this is an artifact of the imaging sensor.

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Figure 5. Depletion of microglia enhanced astrocyte response after brain ischemia. C57BL/6 mice were fed with PLX3397 or control diet for 21 days prior to MCAO. At 24 h after ischemia and reperfusion, single cell suspensions were prepared from brain or spleen tissues of MCAO mice receiving PLX3397 or control diet. (a) Representative flow cytometry plots and bar graph show astrocytes (GFAP + ) in MCAO mice receiving PLX3397 or control diet, at 24 h after ischemia and reperfusion. (b)-(c) Representative plots (b) and bar graphs (c) of flow cytometry analysis show the expression of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, iNOS, CCL2, TNF-alpha, IL-6 in astrocytes obtained at 24 h after MCAO from mice receiving PLX3397 or control diet. n = 15 mice per group. Error bars represent SD; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01.

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Fig. 1 FGL2 is expressed by glioma cells. a FGL2 protein levels were detected by western blot in human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) from healthy donors, normal endothelial cells (HMVECs), normal neurons (HCN-1A), and four glioma stem cell lines (GSC7-2, GSC11, GSC20, and GSC28). Western blots shown are representative, and quantities are summarized as ratio changes from three independent experiments. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as a protein-loading control. b Percentage of FGL2 + cells in cultured human GSCs. c Representative flow cytometry plots of FGL2 expression on CD45 + , CD31 + , or GFAP + cells from tumors of patients with newly diagnosed GBM. Data ( n = 5) are presented as the mean +- S.D. and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. d Sections of clinical GBM samples were double stained for co-expression of FGL2 (red) and GFAP (green), or of FGL2 (red) and CD45 (green), or of FGL2 (red) and CD31 (green). Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). White arrows point to co-localization. Scale bars, 50 mum. Data are presented as the mean +- S.D., and representative images are shown ( n = 5). A one-way ANOVA was used to calculate the two-sided P values. Significant results were presented as ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001

Supportive validation

Submitted by: Invitrogen Antibodies (provider)
Main image
Experimental details: Figure 5 MBP attenuates morphological changes in astrocytes in G93A mice. Mice were orally administered with injection water (vehicle) or MBP, starting at a late symptomatic stage (15 weeks old). Three weeks after the start of the treatment, the lumbar spinal cords were analysed by western blot and the histopathology was imaged. (a) Photographs depict a representative western blot of GFAP, an astrocyte marker, in the lumbar spinal cord of male G93A mice and WT mice. Equal amounts of cell lysates (10 mu g) were analysed, with beta -actin as an internal marker. The graph shows the relative density of each band on the blots estimated quantitatively using Scion imaging software. Quantitative data are expressed as the ratio of the band intensity of GFAP to the band intensity of beta -actin. Each value represents the mean +- SD. Statistical significance was determined by using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test ( n = 6-7). (b) Photographs show representative confocal images of immunofluorescence staining for GFAP in the lumbar spinal cord sections from the indicated groups of mice at 18 weeks old. Representative data from four separate experiments are presented. Scale bar indicates 20 mu m. The graph shows semiquantitative analysis of changes in GFAP immunoreactivity in motor neurons. The fluorescence intensity of GFAP immunoreactivity was analysed quantitatively using Scion imaging software. Values represent the mean +- SEM. Statistical significance was determi