Antibody data
- Antibody Data
- Antigen structure
- References [78]
- Comments [0]
- Validations
- Western blot [2]
- Other assay [9]
Submit
Validation data
Reference
Comment
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- Product number
- AHB0052 - Provider product page
- Provider
- Invitrogen Antibodies
- Product name
- Oligomer A11 Polyclonal Antibody
- Antibody type
- Polyclonal
- Antigen
- Other
- Description
- This antibody recognizes amino acid sequence-independent oligomers of proteins or peptides. A11 does not recognize monomers or mature fibers of proteins or peptides. A11 reacts with soluble AB42 oligomers and does not react with soluble low molecular weight AB40 or AB40 fibrils. A11 recognizes oligomeric species of several other amyloidogenic polypeptides including AB42, human insulin, prion, polyglutamine, lysozyme, alpha-synuclein and yeast prion Sup35. Oligomeric AB42 is recommended as a positive control, monomeric and fibrillar AB42 as negative controls.
- Reactivity
- Human, Mouse, Rat
- Host
- Rabbit
- Isotype
- IgG
- Vial size
- 50 µg
- Concentration
- 1.0 mg/mL
- Storage
- Store at 4°C short term. For long term storage, store at -20°C, avoiding freeze/thaw cycles.
Submitted references The Effects of Physical Running on Dendritic Spines and Amyloid-beta Pathology in 3xTg-AD Male Mice.
Passive immunization against phosphorylated tau improves features of Huntington's disease pathology.
Chip Protein U-Box Domain Truncation Affects Purkinje Neuron Morphology and Leads to Behavioral Changes in Zebrafish.
Cardiomyocyte contractile impairment in heart failure results from reduced BAG3-mediated sarcomeric protein turnover.
The release of toxic oligomers from α-synuclein fibrils induces dysfunction in neuronal cells.
Protein mimetic amyloid inhibitor potently abrogates cancer-associated mutant p53 aggregation and restores tumor suppressor function.
Intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cell secretome repairs the brain of Alzheimer's mice.
The App(NL-G-F) mouse retina is a site for preclinical Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and research.
Region-specific amyloid-β accumulation in the olfactory system influences olfactory sensory neuronal dysfunction in 5xFAD mice.
Plasmonic nanoparticle amyloid corona for screening Aβ oligomeric aggregate-degrading drugs.
NAD(+) boosting reduces age-associated amyloidosis and restores mitochondrial homeostasis in muscle.
Mixed pathologies in pancreatic β cells from subjects with neurodegenerative diseases and their interaction with prion protein.
The Sigma-2 Receptor/TMEM97, PGRMC1, and LDL Receptor Complex Are Responsible for the Cellular Uptake of Aβ42 and Its Protein Aggregates.
Sex-Specific Effects of Chronic Creatine Supplementation on Hippocampal-Mediated Spatial Cognition in the 3xTg Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.
Capturing Amyloid-β Oligomers by Stirring with Microscaled Iron Oxide Stir Bars into Magnetic Plaques to Reduce Cytotoxicity toward Neuronal Cells.
Humanin Blocks the Aggregation of Amyloid-β Induced by Acetylcholinesterase, an Effect Abolished in the Presence of IGFBP-3.
Crystal structure of a conformational antibody that binds tau oligomers and inhibits pathological seeding by extracts from donors with Alzheimer's disease.
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity and β-amyloid oligomer formation by 6-bromotryptamine A, a multi-target anti-Alzheimer's molecule.
Age-dependent accumulation of oligomeric SNCA/α-synuclein from impaired degradation in mutant LRRK2 knockin mouse model of Parkinson disease: role for therapeutic activation of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA).
Targeting Hsc70-based autophagy to eliminate amyloid β oligomers.
Two conformationally distinct α-synuclein oligomers share common epitopes and the ability to impair long-term potentiation.
Amyloid-like Assembly Activates a Phosphatase in the Developing Drosophila Embryo.
Conformation-specific antibodies against multiple amyloid protofibril species from a single amyloid immunogen.
Chronic optogenetic induction of stress granules is cytotoxic and reveals the evolution of ALS-FTD pathology.
Microglia as modulators of exosomal alpha-synuclein transmission.
Oligomeric Aβ in the monkey brain impacts synaptic integrity and induces accelerated cortical aging.
Brains of rhesus monkeys display Aβ deposits and glial pathology while lacking Aβ dimers and other Alzheimer's pathologies.
Toxic amyloid-β oligomers induced self-replication in astrocytes triggering neuronal injury.
Cytoplasmic TDP-43 De-mixing Independent of Stress Granules Drives Inhibition of Nuclear Import, Loss of Nuclear TDP-43, and Cell Death.
An Inducible Alpha-Synuclein Expressing Neuronal Cell Line Model for Parkinson's Disease1.
Rac1 activation links tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ dysmetabolism in Alzheimer's disease.
Induction of IAPP amyloid deposition and associated diabetic abnormalities by a prion-like mechanism.
Glucosylsphingosine Promotes α-Synuclein Pathology in Mutant GBA-Associated Parkinson's Disease.
A guanidine-appended scyllo-inositol derivative AAD-66 enhances brain delivery and ameliorates Alzheimer's phenotypes.
Regulation of Synaptic Amyloid-β Generation through BACE1 Retrograde Transport in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.
Distinct modulatory role of RNA in the aggregation of the tumor suppressor protein p53 core domain.
Nec-1 alleviates cognitive impairment with reduction of Aβ and tau abnormalities in APP/PS1 mice.
Tau hyperphosphorylation induces oligomeric insulin accumulation and insulin resistance in neurons.
Methionine oxidation reduces lag-times for amyloid-β(1-40) fiber formation but generates highly fragmented fibers.
A scFv antibody targeting common oligomeric epitope has potential for treating several amyloidoses.
Intracellular soluble α-synuclein oligomers reduce pyramidal cell excitability.
Redox proteomic profiling of neuroketal-adducted proteins in human brain: Regional vulnerability at middle age increases in the elderly.
Depletion of TDP-43 decreases fibril and plaque β-amyloid and exacerbates neurodegeneration in an Alzheimer's mouse model.
Alzheimer's Disease-Related Protein Expression in the Retina of Octodon degus.
Cytotoxic helix-rich oligomer formation by melittin and pancreatic polypeptide.
Carnosic acid attenuates apoptosis induced by amyloid-β 1-42 or 1-43 in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells.
DT-Diaphorase Prevents Aminochrome-Induced Alpha-Synuclein Oligomer Formation and Neurotoxicity.
Quaternary Structure Defines a Large Class of Amyloid-β Oligomers Neutralized by Sequestration.
Microglia constitute a barrier that prevents neurotoxic protofibrillar Aβ42 hotspots around plaques.
The domestic cat as a natural animal model of Alzheimer's disease.
Neuroinflammatory signals in Alzheimer disease and APP/PS1 transgenic mice: correlations with plaques, tangles, and oligomeric species.
Novel antioxidants protect mitochondria from the effects of oligomeric amyloid beta and contribute to the maintenance of epigenome function.
Loss of F-box only protein 2 (Fbxo2) disrupts levels and localization of select NMDA receptor subunits, and promotes aberrant synaptic connectivity.
RanBP9 overexpression accelerates loss of pre and postsynaptic proteins in the APΔE9 transgenic mouse brain.
Reelin delays amyloid-beta fibril formation and rescues cognitive deficits in a model of Alzheimer's disease.
Molecular and cytotoxic properties of hIAPP17-29 and rIAPP17-29 fragments: a comparative study with the respective full-length parent polypeptides.
Functional amyloids in the mouse sperm acrosome.
Experimental traumatic brain injury induces rapid aggregation and oligomerization of amyloid-beta in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.
Neuronal inclusions of α-synuclein contribute to the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease.
Induction of autophagy by a novel small molecule improves aβ pathology and ameliorates cognitive deficits.
Reduced RAN expression and disrupted transport between cytoplasm and nucleus; a key event in Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology.
The cellular prion protein traps Alzheimer's Aβ in an oligomeric form and disassembles amyloid fibers.
A comparative analysis of the aggregation behavior of amyloid-β peptide variants.
Defects in the medial entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus in the mouse model of Sanfilippo syndrome type B.
Alzheimer's disease and non-demented high pathology control nonagenarians: comparing and contrasting the biochemistry of cognitively successful aging.
Clustering and internalization of toxic amylin oligomers in pancreatic cells require plasma membrane cholesterol.
Macroautophagy-generated increase of lysosomal amyloid β-protein mediates oxidant-induced apoptosis of cultured neuroblastoma cells.
Macroautophagy-generated increase of lysosomal amyloid β-protein mediates oxidant-induced apoptosis of cultured neuroblastoma cells.
Application of immunosignatures to the assessment of Alzheimer's disease.
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 mediates the beneficial effects of the liver X receptor agonist GW3965 on object recognition memory and amyloid burden in amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 mice.
Protein aggregates and novel presenilin gene variants in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Alpha-synuclein mediates alterations in membrane conductance: a potential role for alpha-synuclein oligomers in cell vulnerability.
Early-onset and robust amyloid pathology in a new homozygous mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
Age-related accumulation of Reelin in amyloid-like deposits.
Neuritic deposits of amyloid-beta peptide in a subpopulation of central nervous system-derived neuronal cells.
Mutations of presenilin genes in dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
Dieldrin induces ubiquitin-proteasome dysfunction in alpha-synuclein overexpressing dopaminergic neuronal cells and enhances susceptibility to apoptotic cell death.
Natural oligomers of the amyloid-beta protein specifically disrupt cognitive function.
Xu B, He Y, Liu L, Ye G, Chen L, Wang Q, Chen M, Chen Y, Long D
Aging and disease 2022 Jul 11;13(4):1293-1310
Aging and disease 2022 Jul 11;13(4):1293-1310
Passive immunization against phosphorylated tau improves features of Huntington's disease pathology.
Alpaugh M, Masnata M, de Rus Jacquet A, Lepinay E, Denis HL, Saint-Pierre M, Davies P, Planel E, Cicchetti F
Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 2022 Apr 6;30(4):1500-1522
Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 2022 Apr 6;30(4):1500-1522
Chip Protein U-Box Domain Truncation Affects Purkinje Neuron Morphology and Leads to Behavioral Changes in Zebrafish.
Pakdaman Y, Denker E, Austad E, Norton WHJ, Rolfsnes HO, Bindoff LA, Tzoulis C, Aukrust I, Knappskog PM, Johansson S, Ellingsen S
Frontiers in molecular neuroscience 2021;14:723912
Frontiers in molecular neuroscience 2021;14:723912
Cardiomyocyte contractile impairment in heart failure results from reduced BAG3-mediated sarcomeric protein turnover.
Martin TG, Myers VD, Dubey P, Dubey S, Perez E, Moravec CS, Willis MS, Feldman AM, Kirk JA
Nature communications 2021 May 19;12(1):2942
Nature communications 2021 May 19;12(1):2942
The release of toxic oligomers from α-synuclein fibrils induces dysfunction in neuronal cells.
Cascella R, Chen SW, Bigi A, Camino JD, Xu CK, Dobson CM, Chiti F, Cremades N, Cecchi C
Nature communications 2021 Mar 22;12(1):1814
Nature communications 2021 Mar 22;12(1):1814
Protein mimetic amyloid inhibitor potently abrogates cancer-associated mutant p53 aggregation and restores tumor suppressor function.
Palanikumar L, Karpauskaite L, Al-Sayegh M, Chehade I, Alam M, Hassan S, Maity D, Ali L, Kalmouni M, Hunashal Y, Ahmed J, Houhou T, Karapetyan S, Falls Z, Samudrala R, Pasricha R, Esposito G, Afzal AJ, Hamilton AD, Kumar S, Magzoub M
Nature communications 2021 Jun 25;12(1):3962
Nature communications 2021 Jun 25;12(1):3962
Intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cell secretome repairs the brain of Alzheimer's mice.
Santamaria G, Brandi E, Vitola P, Grandi F, Ferrara G, Pischiutta F, Vegliante G, Zanier ER, Re F, Uccelli A, Forloni G, de Rosbo NK, Balducci C
Cell death and differentiation 2021 Jan;28(1):203-218
Cell death and differentiation 2021 Jan;28(1):203-218
The App(NL-G-F) mouse retina is a site for preclinical Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and research.
Vandenabeele M, Veys L, Lemmens S, Hadoux X, Gelders G, Masin L, Serneels L, Theunis J, Saito T, Saido TC, Jayapala M, De Boever P, De Strooper B, Stalmans I, van Wijngaarden P, Moons L, De Groef L
Acta neuropathologica communications 2021 Jan 6;9(1):6
Acta neuropathologica communications 2021 Jan 6;9(1):6
Region-specific amyloid-β accumulation in the olfactory system influences olfactory sensory neuronal dysfunction in 5xFAD mice.
Son G, Yoo SJ, Kang S, Rasheed A, Jung DH, Park H, Cho B, Steinbusch HWM, Chang KA, Suh YH, Moon C
Alzheimer's research & therapy 2021 Jan 4;13(1):4
Alzheimer's research & therapy 2021 Jan 4;13(1):4
Plasmonic nanoparticle amyloid corona for screening Aβ oligomeric aggregate-degrading drugs.
Lee D, Park D, Kim I, Lee SW, Lee W, Hwang KS, Lee JH, Lee G, Yoon DS
Nature communications 2021 Jan 27;12(1):639
Nature communications 2021 Jan 27;12(1):639
NAD(+) boosting reduces age-associated amyloidosis and restores mitochondrial homeostasis in muscle.
Romani M, Sorrentino V, Oh CM, Li H, de Lima TI, Zhang H, Shong M, Auwerx J
Cell reports 2021 Jan 19;34(3):108660
Cell reports 2021 Jan 19;34(3):108660
Mixed pathologies in pancreatic β cells from subjects with neurodegenerative diseases and their interaction with prion protein.
Martinez-Valbuena I, Valenti-Azcarate R, Amat-Villegas I, Marcilla I, Marti-Andres G, Caballero MC, Riverol M, Tuñon MT, Fraser PE, Luquin MR
Acta neuropathologica communications 2021 Apr 8;9(1):64
Acta neuropathologica communications 2021 Apr 8;9(1):64
The Sigma-2 Receptor/TMEM97, PGRMC1, and LDL Receptor Complex Are Responsible for the Cellular Uptake of Aβ42 and Its Protein Aggregates.
Riad A, Lengyel-Zhand Z, Zeng C, Weng CC, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Mach RH
Molecular neurobiology 2020 Sep;57(9):3803-3813
Molecular neurobiology 2020 Sep;57(9):3803-3813
Sex-Specific Effects of Chronic Creatine Supplementation on Hippocampal-Mediated Spatial Cognition in the 3xTg Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.
Snow WM, Cadonic C, Cortes-Perez C, Adlimoghaddam A, Roy Chowdhury SK, Thomson E, Anozie A, Bernstein MJ, Gough K, Fernyhough P, Suh M, Albensi BC
Nutrients 2020 Nov 23;12(11)
Nutrients 2020 Nov 23;12(11)
Capturing Amyloid-β Oligomers by Stirring with Microscaled Iron Oxide Stir Bars into Magnetic Plaques to Reduce Cytotoxicity toward Neuronal Cells.
Tsai YC, Luo JC, Liu TI, Lu IL, Shen MY, Chuang CY, Chern CS, Chiu HC
Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) 2020 Jun 30;10(7)
Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) 2020 Jun 30;10(7)
Humanin Blocks the Aggregation of Amyloid-β Induced by Acetylcholinesterase, an Effect Abolished in the Presence of IGFBP-3.
Price D, Dorandish S, Williams A, Iwaniec B, Stephens A, Marshall K, Guthrie J, Heyl D, Evans HG
Biochemistry 2020 Jun 2;59(21):1981-2002
Biochemistry 2020 Jun 2;59(21):1981-2002
Crystal structure of a conformational antibody that binds tau oligomers and inhibits pathological seeding by extracts from donors with Alzheimer's disease.
Abskharon R, Seidler PM, Sawaya MR, Cascio D, Yang TP, Philipp S, Williams CK, Newell KL, Ghetti B, DeTure MA, Dickson DW, Vinters HV, Felgner PL, Nakajima R, Glabe CG, Eisenberg DS
The Journal of biological chemistry 2020 Jul 31;295(31):10662-10676
The Journal of biological chemistry 2020 Jul 31;295(31):10662-10676
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity and β-amyloid oligomer formation by 6-bromotryptamine A, a multi-target anti-Alzheimer's molecule.
Jin X, Wang M, Shentu J, Huang C, Bai Y, Pan H, Zhang D, Yuan Z, Zhang H, Xiao X, Wu X, Ding L, Wang Q, He S, Cui W
Oncology letters 2020 Feb;19(2):1593-1601
Oncology letters 2020 Feb;19(2):1593-1601
Age-dependent accumulation of oligomeric SNCA/α-synuclein from impaired degradation in mutant LRRK2 knockin mouse model of Parkinson disease: role for therapeutic activation of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA).
Ho PW, Leung CT, Liu H, Pang SY, Lam CS, Xian J, Li L, Kung MH, Ramsden DB, Ho SL
Autophagy 2020 Feb;16(2):347-370
Autophagy 2020 Feb;16(2):347-370
Targeting Hsc70-based autophagy to eliminate amyloid β oligomers.
Dou J, Su P, Xu C, Wen Z, Mao Z, Li W
Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2020 Apr 16;524(4):923-928
Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2020 Apr 16;524(4):923-928
Two conformationally distinct α-synuclein oligomers share common epitopes and the ability to impair long-term potentiation.
van Diggelen F, Hrle D, Apetri M, Christiansen G, Rammes G, Tepper A, Otzen DE
PloS one 2019;14(3):e0213663
PloS one 2019;14(3):e0213663
Amyloid-like Assembly Activates a Phosphatase in the Developing Drosophila Embryo.
Nil Z, Hervás R, Gerbich T, Leal P, Yu Z, Saraf A, Sardiu M, Lange JJ, Yi K, Unruh J, Slaughter B, Si K
Cell 2019 Sep 5;178(6):1403-1420.e21
Cell 2019 Sep 5;178(6):1403-1420.e21
Conformation-specific antibodies against multiple amyloid protofibril species from a single amyloid immunogen.
Bonito-Oliva A, Schedin-Weiss S, Younesi SS, Tiiman A, Adura C, Paknejad N, Brendel M, Romin Y, Parchem RJ, Graff C, Vukojević V, Tjernberg LO, Terenius L, Winblad B, Sakmar TP, Graham WV
Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 2019 Mar;23(3):2103-2114
Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 2019 Mar;23(3):2103-2114
Chronic optogenetic induction of stress granules is cytotoxic and reveals the evolution of ALS-FTD pathology.
Zhang P, Fan B, Yang P, Temirov J, Messing J, Kim HJ, Taylor JP
eLife 2019 Mar 20;8
eLife 2019 Mar 20;8
Microglia as modulators of exosomal alpha-synuclein transmission.
Xia Y, Zhang G, Han C, Ma K, Guo X, Wan F, Kou L, Yin S, Liu L, Huang J, Xiong N, Wang T
Cell death & disease 2019 Feb 20;10(3):174
Cell death & disease 2019 Feb 20;10(3):174
Oligomeric Aβ in the monkey brain impacts synaptic integrity and induces accelerated cortical aging.
Beckman D, Ott S, Donis-Cox K, Janssen WG, Bliss-Moreau E, Rudebeck PH, Baxter MG, Morrison JH
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2019 Dec 26;116(52):26239-26246
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2019 Dec 26;116(52):26239-26246
Brains of rhesus monkeys display Aβ deposits and glial pathology while lacking Aβ dimers and other Alzheimer's pathologies.
Zhang J, Chen B, Lu J, Wu Y, Wang S, Yao Z, Zhu L, Qiao Y, Sun Q, Qin W, Zhao Q, Jia J, Wei C
Aging cell 2019 Aug;18(4):e12978
Aging cell 2019 Aug;18(4):e12978
Toxic amyloid-β oligomers induced self-replication in astrocytes triggering neuronal injury.
Wang W, Hou TT, Jia LF, Wu QQ, Quan MN, Jia JP
EBioMedicine 2019 Apr;42:174-187
EBioMedicine 2019 Apr;42:174-187
Cytoplasmic TDP-43 De-mixing Independent of Stress Granules Drives Inhibition of Nuclear Import, Loss of Nuclear TDP-43, and Cell Death.
Gasset-Rosa F, Lu S, Yu H, Chen C, Melamed Z, Guo L, Shorter J, Da Cruz S, Cleveland DW
Neuron 2019 Apr 17;102(2):339-357.e7
Neuron 2019 Apr 17;102(2):339-357.e7
An Inducible Alpha-Synuclein Expressing Neuronal Cell Line Model for Parkinson's Disease1.
Vasquez V, Mitra J, Perry G, Rao KS, Hegde ML
Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 2018;66(2):453-460
Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 2018;66(2):453-460
Rac1 activation links tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ dysmetabolism in Alzheimer's disease.
Borin M, Saraceno C, Catania M, Lorenzetto E, Pontelli V, Paterlini A, Fostinelli S, Avesani A, Di Fede G, Zanusso G, Benussi L, Binetti G, Zorzan S, Ghidoni R, Buffelli M, Bolognin S
Acta neuropathologica communications 2018 Jul 13;6(1):61
Acta neuropathologica communications 2018 Jul 13;6(1):61
Induction of IAPP amyloid deposition and associated diabetic abnormalities by a prion-like mechanism.
Mukherjee A, Morales-Scheihing D, Salvadores N, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Gonzalez C, Taylor-Presse K, Mendez N, Shahnawaz M, Gaber AO, Sabek OM, Fraga DW, Soto C
The Journal of experimental medicine 2017 Sep 4;214(9):2591-2610
The Journal of experimental medicine 2017 Sep 4;214(9):2591-2610
Glucosylsphingosine Promotes α-Synuclein Pathology in Mutant GBA-Associated Parkinson's Disease.
Taguchi YV, Liu J, Ruan J, Pacheco J, Zhang X, Abbasi J, Keutzer J, Mistry PK, Chandra SS
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2017 Oct 4;37(40):9617-9631
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2017 Oct 4;37(40):9617-9631
A guanidine-appended scyllo-inositol derivative AAD-66 enhances brain delivery and ameliorates Alzheimer's phenotypes.
Lee D, Lee WS, Lim S, Kim YK, Jung HY, Das S, Lee J, Luo W, Kim KT, Chung SK
Scientific reports 2017 Oct 26;7(1):14125
Scientific reports 2017 Oct 26;7(1):14125
Regulation of Synaptic Amyloid-β Generation through BACE1 Retrograde Transport in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.
Ye X, Feng T, Tammineni P, Chang Q, Jeong YY, Margolis DJ, Cai H, Kusnecov A, Cai Q
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2017 Mar 8;37(10):2639-2655
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2017 Mar 8;37(10):2639-2655
Distinct modulatory role of RNA in the aggregation of the tumor suppressor protein p53 core domain.
Kovachev PS, Banerjee D, Rangel LP, Eriksson J, Pedrote MM, Martins-Dinis MMDC, Edwards K, Cordeiro Y, Silva JL, Sanyal S
The Journal of biological chemistry 2017 Jun 2;292(22):9345-9357
The Journal of biological chemistry 2017 Jun 2;292(22):9345-9357
Nec-1 alleviates cognitive impairment with reduction of Aβ and tau abnormalities in APP/PS1 mice.
Yang SH, Lee DK, Shin J, Lee S, Baek S, Kim J, Jung H, Hah JM, Kim Y
EMBO molecular medicine 2017 Jan;9(1):61-77
EMBO molecular medicine 2017 Jan;9(1):61-77
Tau hyperphosphorylation induces oligomeric insulin accumulation and insulin resistance in neurons.
Rodriguez-Rodriguez P, Sandebring-Matton A, Merino-Serrais P, Parrado-Fernandez C, Rabano A, Winblad B, Ávila J, Ferrer I, Cedazo-Minguez A
Brain : a journal of neurology 2017 Dec 1;140(12):3269-3285
Brain : a journal of neurology 2017 Dec 1;140(12):3269-3285
Methionine oxidation reduces lag-times for amyloid-β(1-40) fiber formation but generates highly fragmented fibers.
Gu M, Viles JH
Biochimica et biophysica acta 2016 Sep;1864(9):1260-1269
Biochimica et biophysica acta 2016 Sep;1864(9):1260-1269
A scFv antibody targeting common oligomeric epitope has potential for treating several amyloidoses.
Zha J, Liu XM, Zhu J, Liu SY, Lu S, Xu PX, Yu XL, Liu RT
Scientific reports 2016 Nov 8;6:36631
Scientific reports 2016 Nov 8;6:36631
Intracellular soluble α-synuclein oligomers reduce pyramidal cell excitability.
Kaufmann TJ, Harrison PM, Richardson MJ, Pinheiro TJ, Wall MJ
The Journal of physiology 2016 May 15;594(10):2751-72
The Journal of physiology 2016 May 15;594(10):2751-72
Redox proteomic profiling of neuroketal-adducted proteins in human brain: Regional vulnerability at middle age increases in the elderly.
Domínguez M, de Oliveira E, Odena MA, Portero M, Pamplona R, Ferrer I
Free radical biology & medicine 2016 Jun;95:1-15
Free radical biology & medicine 2016 Jun;95:1-15
Depletion of TDP-43 decreases fibril and plaque β-amyloid and exacerbates neurodegeneration in an Alzheimer's mouse model.
LaClair KD, Donde A, Ling JP, Jeong YH, Chhabra R, Martin LJ, Wong PC
Acta neuropathologica 2016 Dec;132(6):859-873
Acta neuropathologica 2016 Dec;132(6):859-873
Alzheimer's Disease-Related Protein Expression in the Retina of Octodon degus.
Du LY, Chang LY, Ardiles AO, Tapia-Rojas C, Araya J, Inestrosa NC, Palacios AG, Acosta ML
PloS one 2015;10(8):e0135499
PloS one 2015;10(8):e0135499
Cytotoxic helix-rich oligomer formation by melittin and pancreatic polypeptide.
Singh PK, Ghosh D, Tewari D, Mohite GM, Carvalho E, Jha NN, Jacob RS, Sahay S, Banerjee R, Bera AK, Maji SK
PloS one 2015;10(3):e0120346
PloS one 2015;10(3):e0120346
Carnosic acid attenuates apoptosis induced by amyloid-β 1-42 or 1-43 in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells.
Meng P, Yoshida H, Tanji K, Matsumiya T, Xing F, Hayakari R, Wang L, Tsuruga K, Tanaka H, Mimura J, Kosaka K, Itoh K, Takahashi I, Kawaguchi S, Imaizumi T
Neuroscience research 2015 May;94:1-9
Neuroscience research 2015 May;94:1-9
DT-Diaphorase Prevents Aminochrome-Induced Alpha-Synuclein Oligomer Formation and Neurotoxicity.
Muñoz P, Cardenas S, Huenchuguala S, Briceño A, Couve E, Paris I, Segura-Aguilar J
Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology 2015 May;145(1):37-47
Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology 2015 May;145(1):37-47
Quaternary Structure Defines a Large Class of Amyloid-β Oligomers Neutralized by Sequestration.
Liu P, Reed MN, Kotilinek LA, Grant MK, Forster CL, Qiang W, Shapiro SL, Reichl JH, Chiang AC, Jankowsky JL, Wilmot CM, Cleary JP, Zahs KR, Ashe KH
Cell reports 2015 Jun 23;11(11):1760-71
Cell reports 2015 Jun 23;11(11):1760-71
Microglia constitute a barrier that prevents neurotoxic protofibrillar Aβ42 hotspots around plaques.
Condello C, Yuan P, Schain A, Grutzendler J
Nature communications 2015 Jan 29;6:6176
Nature communications 2015 Jan 29;6:6176
The domestic cat as a natural animal model of Alzheimer's disease.
Chambers JK, Tokuda T, Uchida K, Ishii R, Tatebe H, Takahashi E, Tomiyama T, Une Y, Nakayama H
Acta neuropathologica communications 2015 Dec 10;3:78
Acta neuropathologica communications 2015 Dec 10;3:78
Neuroinflammatory signals in Alzheimer disease and APP/PS1 transgenic mice: correlations with plaques, tangles, and oligomeric species.
López-González I, Schlüter A, Aso E, Garcia-Esparcia P, Ansoleaga B, LLorens F, Carmona M, Moreno J, Fuso A, Portero-Otin M, Pamplona R, Pujol A, Ferrer I
Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology 2015 Apr;74(4):319-44
Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology 2015 Apr;74(4):319-44
Novel antioxidants protect mitochondria from the effects of oligomeric amyloid beta and contribute to the maintenance of epigenome function.
Mastroeni D, Khdour OM, Arce PM, Hecht SM, Coleman PD
ACS chemical neuroscience 2015 Apr 15;6(4):588-98
ACS chemical neuroscience 2015 Apr 15;6(4):588-98
Loss of F-box only protein 2 (Fbxo2) disrupts levels and localization of select NMDA receptor subunits, and promotes aberrant synaptic connectivity.
Atkin G, Moore S, Lu Y, Nelson RF, Tipper N, Rajpal G, Hunt J, Tennant W, Hell JW, Murphy GG, Paulson H
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2015 Apr 15;35(15):6165-78
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2015 Apr 15;35(15):6165-78
RanBP9 overexpression accelerates loss of pre and postsynaptic proteins in the APΔE9 transgenic mouse brain.
Wang H, Wang R, Xu S, Lakshmana MK
PloS one 2014;9(1):e85484
PloS one 2014;9(1):e85484
Reelin delays amyloid-beta fibril formation and rescues cognitive deficits in a model of Alzheimer's disease.
Pujadas L, Rossi D, Andrés R, Teixeira CM, Serra-Vidal B, Parcerisas A, Maldonado R, Giralt E, Carulla N, Soriano E
Nature communications 2014 Mar 6;5:3443
Nature communications 2014 Mar 6;5:3443
Molecular and cytotoxic properties of hIAPP17-29 and rIAPP17-29 fragments: a comparative study with the respective full-length parent polypeptides.
Tomasello MF, Sinopoli A, Attanasio F, Giuffrida ML, Campagna T, Milardi D, Pappalardo G
European journal of medicinal chemistry 2014 Jun 23;81:442-55
European journal of medicinal chemistry 2014 Jun 23;81:442-55
Functional amyloids in the mouse sperm acrosome.
Guyonnet B, Egge N, Cornwall GA
Molecular and cellular biology 2014 Jul;34(14):2624-34
Molecular and cellular biology 2014 Jul;34(14):2624-34
Experimental traumatic brain injury induces rapid aggregation and oligomerization of amyloid-beta in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.
Washington PM, Morffy N, Parsadanian M, Zapple DN, Burns MP
Journal of neurotrauma 2014 Jan 1;31(1):125-34
Journal of neurotrauma 2014 Jan 1;31(1):125-34
Neuronal inclusions of α-synuclein contribute to the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease.
Smith BR, Santos MB, Marshall MS, Cantuti-Castelvetri L, Lopez-Rosas A, Li G, van Breemen R, Claycomb KI, Gallea JI, Celej MS, Crocker SJ, Givogri MI, Bongarzone ER
The Journal of pathology 2014 Apr;232(5):509-21
The Journal of pathology 2014 Apr;232(5):509-21
Induction of autophagy by a novel small molecule improves aβ pathology and ameliorates cognitive deficits.
Chu C, Zhang X, Ma W, Li L, Wang W, Shang L, Fu P
PloS one 2013;8(6):e65367
PloS one 2013;8(6):e65367
Reduced RAN expression and disrupted transport between cytoplasm and nucleus; a key event in Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology.
Mastroeni D, Chouliaras L, Grover A, Liang WS, Hauns K, Rogers J, Coleman PD
PloS one 2013;8(1):e53349
PloS one 2013;8(1):e53349
The cellular prion protein traps Alzheimer's Aβ in an oligomeric form and disassembles amyloid fibers.
Younan ND, Sarell CJ, Davies P, Brown DR, Viles JH
FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2013 May;27(5):1847-58
FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2013 May;27(5):1847-58
A comparative analysis of the aggregation behavior of amyloid-β peptide variants.
Vandersteen A, Hubin E, Sarroukh R, De Baets G, Schymkowitz J, Rousseau F, Subramaniam V, Raussens V, Wenschuh H, Wildemann D, Broersen K
FEBS letters 2012 Nov 30;586(23):4088-93
FEBS letters 2012 Nov 30;586(23):4088-93
Defects in the medial entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus in the mouse model of Sanfilippo syndrome type B.
Ohmi K, Zhao HZ, Neufeld EF
PloS one 2011;6(11):e27461
PloS one 2011;6(11):e27461
Alzheimer's disease and non-demented high pathology control nonagenarians: comparing and contrasting the biochemistry of cognitively successful aging.
Maarouf CL, Daugs ID, Kokjohn TA, Walker DG, Hunter JM, Kruchowsky JC, Woltjer R, Kaye J, Castaño EM, Sabbagh MN, Beach TG, Roher AE
PloS one 2011;6(11):e27291
PloS one 2011;6(11):e27291
Clustering and internalization of toxic amylin oligomers in pancreatic cells require plasma membrane cholesterol.
Trikha S, Jeremic AM
The Journal of biological chemistry 2011 Oct 14;286(41):36086-36097
The Journal of biological chemistry 2011 Oct 14;286(41):36086-36097
Macroautophagy-generated increase of lysosomal amyloid β-protein mediates oxidant-induced apoptosis of cultured neuroblastoma cells.
Zheng L, Terman A, Hallbeck M, Dehvari N, Cowburn RF, Benedikz E, Kågedal K, Cedazo-Minguez A, Marcusson J
Autophagy 2011 Dec;7(12):1528-45
Autophagy 2011 Dec;7(12):1528-45
Macroautophagy-generated increase of lysosomal amyloid β-protein mediates oxidant-induced apoptosis of cultured neuroblastoma cells.
Zheng L, Terman A, Hallbeck M, Dehvari N, Cowburn RF, Benedikz E, Kågedal K, Cedazo-Minguez A, Marcusson J
Autophagy 2011 Dec;7(12):1528-45
Autophagy 2011 Dec;7(12):1528-45
Application of immunosignatures to the assessment of Alzheimer's disease.
Restrepo L, Stafford P, Magee DM, Johnston SA
Annals of neurology 2011 Aug;70(2):286-95
Annals of neurology 2011 Aug;70(2):286-95
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 mediates the beneficial effects of the liver X receptor agonist GW3965 on object recognition memory and amyloid burden in amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 mice.
Donkin JJ, Stukas S, Hirsch-Reinshagen V, Namjoshi D, Wilkinson A, May S, Chan J, Fan J, Collins J, Wellington CL
The Journal of biological chemistry 2010 Oct 29;285(44):34144-54
The Journal of biological chemistry 2010 Oct 29;285(44):34144-54
Protein aggregates and novel presenilin gene variants in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Gianni D, Li A, Tesco G, McKay KM, Moore J, Raygor K, Rota M, Gwathmey JK, Dec GW, Aretz T, Leri A, Semigran MJ, Anversa P, Macgillivray TE, Tanzi RE, del Monte F
Circulation 2010 Mar 16;121(10):1216-26
Circulation 2010 Mar 16;121(10):1216-26
Alpha-synuclein mediates alterations in membrane conductance: a potential role for alpha-synuclein oligomers in cell vulnerability.
Feng LR, Federoff HJ, Vicini S, Maguire-Zeiss KA
The European journal of neuroscience 2010 Jul;32(1):10-7
The European journal of neuroscience 2010 Jul;32(1):10-7
Early-onset and robust amyloid pathology in a new homozygous mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
Willuweit A, Velden J, Godemann R, Manook A, Jetzek F, Tintrup H, Kauselmann G, Zevnik B, Henriksen G, Drzezga A, Pohlner J, Schoor M, Kemp JA, von der Kammer H
PloS one 2009 Nov 20;4(11):e7931
PloS one 2009 Nov 20;4(11):e7931
Age-related accumulation of Reelin in amyloid-like deposits.
Knuesel I, Nyffeler M, Mormède C, Muhia M, Meyer U, Pietropaolo S, Yee BK, Pryce CR, LaFerla FM, Marighetto A, Feldon J
Neurobiology of aging 2009 May;30(5):697-716
Neurobiology of aging 2009 May;30(5):697-716
Neuritic deposits of amyloid-beta peptide in a subpopulation of central nervous system-derived neuronal cells.
Muresan Z, Muresan V
Molecular and cellular biology 2006 Jul;26(13):4982-97
Molecular and cellular biology 2006 Jul;26(13):4982-97
Mutations of presenilin genes in dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
Li D, Parks SB, Kushner JD, Nauman D, Burgess D, Ludwigsen S, Partain J, Nixon RR, Allen CN, Irwin RP, Jakobs PM, Litt M, Hershberger RE
American journal of human genetics 2006 Dec;79(6):1030-9
American journal of human genetics 2006 Dec;79(6):1030-9
Dieldrin induces ubiquitin-proteasome dysfunction in alpha-synuclein overexpressing dopaminergic neuronal cells and enhances susceptibility to apoptotic cell death.
Sun F, Anantharam V, Latchoumycandane C, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 2005 Oct;315(1):69-79
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 2005 Oct;315(1):69-79
Natural oligomers of the amyloid-beta protein specifically disrupt cognitive function.
Cleary JP, Walsh DM, Hofmeister JJ, Shankar GM, Kuskowski MA, Selkoe DJ, Ashe KH
Nature neuroscience 2005 Jan;8(1):79-84
Nature neuroscience 2005 Jan;8(1):79-84
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- Rabbit Anti-Oligomer (A11) Polyclonal Antibody. 1 µg of soluble Abeta42 monomers, Abeta42 oligomers, Ab42 fibrils, IAPP oligomers and alpha-Synuclein oligomers was applied to a nitrocellulose membrane and probed with Rabbit Anti-oligomer (A11) polyclonal antibody (top row; Product # AHB0052) or with 6E10 (bottom row, Product # 44-352). Anti-oligomer antibody recognizes all types of oligomers, but not monomers or fibrils. 6E10 recognizes all species of Abeta without regard to conformation, but not IAPP or alpha-Synuclein.
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- Rabbit Anti-Oligomer (A11) Polyclonal Antibody. 1 µg of soluble Abeta42 monomers, Abeta42 oligomers, Ab42 fibrils, IAPP oligomers and alpha-Synuclein oligomers was applied to a nitrocellulose membrane and probed with Rabbit Anti-oligomer (A11) polyclonal antibody (top row; Product # AHB0052) or with 6E10 (bottom row, Product # 44-352). Anti-oligomer antibody recognizes all types of oligomers, but not monomers or fibrils. 6E10 recognizes all species of Abeta without regard to conformation, but not IAPP or alpha-Synuclein.
Supportive validation
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- Figure 5 GTM-1 rescues Abeta and Tau pathology in AD mice. A-B, GTM-1 (6 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (VEH) was administered to five-month-old 3XTg-AD mice daily for 8 weeks. The average body weight (A) and total food consumed for 8 weeks (B) was recorded. C-D, F-G, 5-month-old 3XTg-AD mice (C, D) or 15-month-old 3XTg-AD mice (F, G) were treated with GTM-1 (3 mg/kg/day) daily for 8 weeks. The insoluble and soluble Abeta42 (C, D) levels were measured using a sandwich ELISA. E, Brain proteins were obtained from 8 different 3xTg-AD mice treated with GTM-1 and 8 different 3xTg-AD mice treated with vehicle after 8 weeks of treatment. The endogenous expression of APP, C99 and C83 were assessed using western blotting analyses. CT (control treatment) mice fed with a normal (vehicle) diet. Stars indicate significant differences between the model group and control or treatment groups for that time point. *P
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- Figure 5 Nec-1 decreases diffuse plaques and Abeta oligomers in the brains of APP / PS 1 mice A Immunohistochemical analysis of cortical and hippocampal regions of the brains in wild-type (Wt) and APP/PS1 mice after administration of Nec-1 (6.25 mg/kg) or vehicle (2.5% DMSO in PBS). Diffuse plaques in the brain sections were stained by anti-Abeta antibody (clone 6E10, green colour) and anti-GFAP antibody (red colour). Hoechst 33342 (blue colour) was applied for nuclear counterstaining. Scale bars = 200 mum. B-D Dot blot analysis of total Abeta (anti-Abeta: clone 6E10, also recognizes APP) and protein oligomer (anti-amyloidogenic protein oligomer A11) in the cortical (B) and hippocampal (C) region of indicated groups. (D) Quantification analysis of total Abeta and protein oligomer in the cortical and hippocampal region of indicated groups. Relative intensity of each band was determined by densitometry of dot blots (B and C) using ImageJ software and normalized to vehicle-administered APP/PS1 mouse group. All data are representative results of at least three independent experiments. E Sandwich ELISA of Abeta-soluble and Abeta-insoluble fractions from cortical and hippocampal lysates of APP/PS1 mice. Three brain lysates per group were analysed. F Western blot analyses of cortical and hippocampal lysates from APP/PS1 mice for APP and sAPPalpha expression. G ThT assays for the inhibition of Abeta aggregation. Fluorescence intensity was normalized to Abeta aggregates (100%, day 5).
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- Fig. 1 Amyloid burden increases with age in the retina of App NL - G - F mice. a , b Amyloid ELISA on retinal lysates of App NL - G - F mice shows accumulation of soluble Abeta 42 from 3 months of age, which rises up till 24 months. Levels of insoluble Abeta 42 only start to rise at 12 months. Accumulation of soluble, but not insoluble, Abeta 40 is seen at all ages yet does not progress with age. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparisons test (F 5,28 = 6.686, p = 0.0006 for soluble Abeta 42 ; F 5,27 = 20.27, p < 0.0001 for insoluble Abeta 42 ); n = 5-6. c Eighteen-month-old APP/PS1 mice have comparable soluble Abeta 42 levels yet lower levels of insoluble Abeta 42 and higher soluble Abeta 40 than App NL - G - F mice of the same age. n = 5. Of note, human Abeta levels are undetectable in the retinas of WT mice and therefore these controls are not shown. d - i Abeta immunostainings with antibodies 82E1 ( d - f ) and 6E10 ( g - i ) on retinal wholemounts of 18-month-old WT ( d , g ) and App NL - G - F mice ( e , f , h , i ) reveal the presence of Abeta plaques in App NL - G - F mice only. f Example of a reconstruction of the z-plane of the image in panel e, with 82E1 and DAPI nuclear counterstaining, showing that Abeta plaques mainly localize to the inner plexiform layer. j Representative example of a retinal wholemount on which 6E10-positive Abeta plaques are depicted with dots to illustrate plaque distribution in the retina. k Abeta plaques in the cerebral cortex of an
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- Fig. 4 alphaS fibrils gradually release oligomers that are ultimately responsible for their toxicity. a Dot-blot analysis of alphaS species probed with conformational specific antibody A11 (AHB0052, Thermo Fisher Scientific), OC (AB2286, Sigma-Aldrich), conformation-insensitive polyclonal anti-alphaS antibody (ab52168, Abcam) and conformation-insensitive monoclonal 211 antibody specific for human alphaS (sc12767, Santa Cruz Biotechnology). b Representative confocal microscope images showing SF (at 0.3 muM) incubated in CM without cells in wells containing a glass coverslip for 0-24 h at 37 degC. Representative images of OB* incubated for 24 h were also shown as positive control. The green-fluorescent signals derive from the staining with mouse monoclonal 211 anti-alphaS antibodies and rabbit anti-oligomer A11 polyclonal antibodies, in the first and second rows, respectively, and then Alexa-Fluor 514-conjugated anti-mouse or anti-rabbit secondary antibodies (three independent experiments with one internal replicate). c Representative confocal scanning microscope images showing human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons treated for 24 h with OB*/SF/LF at 0.3 uM. Red and green fluorescence indicates mouse anti-MAP-2 antibodies (ab11267, Abcam) and the A11-positive prefibrillar oligomers, respectively. d Representative confocal scanning microscope images showing the median sections of SH-SY5Y cells treated for the lengths of time indicated with OB*/SF/LF at 0.3 uM. Red and green flu
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- FIGURE 8 Reduced 26S proteasome activity was detected in U-box - /- fish. (A) Chymotrypsin-like activity was measured in brain tissues of U-box - /- and wild-type fish at 6 and 24 months ( n = 4). Statistically significant differences are shown by asterisks ( * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001, Student's t -test). (B) Oligomer expression quantified from dot blot analysis in brain tissues of U-box - /- and wild-type fish at 6 and 24 months ( n = 3). Data shown are means and error bars indicate standard deviations.
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- Figure 1. LRRK2 R1441G KI mutation caused an age-dependent increase of SNCA oligomers in mouse brain striatum and cortex. (a) (i) Layout of example dot blots shown below, (ii) example of amyloid-like oligomer ('A11') dot blots, (iii) example of total SNCA dot blots, (iv) relative levels of total SNCA, (v) relative levels of amyloid-like oligomers in soluble striatal lysates extracted from LRRK2 R1441G KI mice and their WT littermates at 3, 12, 15 and 18 months (N = 7). Each data point represents measurement of 1mug striatal lysate from each individual mouse. (vi) Predicted rate of increase of 'A11' oligomer levels with age in LRRK2 KI mice was significantly higher than that in WT mice as estimated by mathematical fitting of their corresponding growth curves. Predicted doubling time of oligomer formation in KI mice was 15.3 months (95% CI = 10.4 to 29.13), as compared with 32.6 months (95% CI = 18.39 to 143.9) for WT mice. (b) (i) SNCA oligomer ELISA standard curve. Levels of SNCA oligomer in (ii) striatal soluble lysates, and (iii) cortical soluble lysates from LRRK2 R1441G KI mice and their age-matched WT controls determined by a sandwich-ELISA. Quantification of SNCA oligomer in samples was based on (i) a standard curve generated from purified recombinant SNCA oligomer standards (Figure S1). Data are expressed as mean +- S.E.M. Statistical significance at the level of *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, as compared to WT controls by post-hoc multiple comparison following two-way ANOV
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- Figure 10 Relative hippocampal levels of amyloid beta (Abeta) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) in control and Cr-supplemented 3xTg mice. Representative Western blots detecting Abeta (and APP in some cases) with the antibodies ( A ) 4G8, ( C ) moc64, ( E ) A11, and ( G ) moc87. Total protein (TP) was measured with Ponceau S staining (representative bands shown to indicate sample loading). Bar graphs ( B , D , F , H ) depict densitometry values after normalization to total protein bands and expressed as the percentage change from female control-fed means (100%) +- SD. ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis; n = 3-4. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.
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- Figure 13 Correlational analyses between Cr and Alzheimer's disease- (AD) related protein levels. Pearson correlation coefficients between hippocampal Cr levels and relative normalized densitometry values from Western blot experiments measuring amyloid beta (Abeta) species and/or APP with antibodies ( A - C ) 4G8, ( D - H ) moc64, ( I ) A11, and ( J - M ) moc87 or ( N , O ) AT8 to measure hyperphosphorylated tau in control-fed male (black squares) and female (gray squares) 3xTg mice, as well as female 3xTg mice on a Cr-supplemented (white squares) diet. Note: n = 3-4, * p < 0.05, # p < 0.01.